Al 2 O 3 tunnel barriers I, formed by the oxidization of Al metal of various thicknesses between two ferromagnetic (FM) films were investigated to understand the influence of overlayer metal Al on the junction magnetoresistance (JMR). The optimum thickness of Al was observed to lie in the range of 1–1.6 nm to achieve good JMR in FM–I–FM junctions. Additionally, such junctions can be used to study the magnetic proximity effect in ferromagnet/normal metal bilayer systems.
Research on personality vulnerability to depression is characterized by a "main effect" approach, often at the expense of examining interactions among various dimensions of vulnerability. To compare the "main effect" and "interactive-synergetic" approaches, we utilized data from a longitudinal study of adolescent adjustment. Focusing on dependency, self-criticism, and efficacy, the three factors of the adolescent version of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, Schaffer, Bers, & Quinlan, 1992), we found support for the interactive-synergetic approach. Dependency and self-criticism interacted in predicting changes in depressive and internalizing symptoms (under low efficacy), and among boys-changes in internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results illuminate the synergetic interplay among dimensions of risk and resilience in clinical research and practice.
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