until the school day started. Andrew loved to greet me in Spanish with a big smile on his face and hold the door open for me. Andrew was indeed one of my most eager students. He did not learn the vocabulary as quickly as some of the other third graders, but he was excited to be in Spanish class and excited to use whatever he did learn. Andrew is also a student with autism.As the example illustrates, it is possible for students with disabilities to be included successfully in foreign language instruction, even from a young age. This article shows why such instruction can be important and how it can be done effectively.
Access for All to the General CurriculumWith the provisions of both the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA 1997 and, educators must ensure that all students have the opportunity to participate and progress in the general curriculum.These requirements are further bolstered by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001; all students between Grades 3 and 8 are to be tested annually in math and language arts (and in science in selected grades beginning in 2007), and students are to be tested in these subjects at least once during their high school years as well. Clearly, teachers of students with disabilities are devoting considerable effort to how their students with disabilities can be included in the general curriculum and achieve at high levels (Clayton,
Elder mistreatment (EM) and elder self-neglect (SN) are risk factors for mortality. Medical examiners (ME) seldom investigate EM and SN as potential influences of death in older adults. Recognizing forensic markers associated with EM and/or SN may lead to further investigation into EM and SN as potential contributors and thus, may impact the cause and manner of death. Methods: One-hundred and ninety-two Adult Protective Services (APS)-substantiated EM and SN cases 65 years of age and older, residing in Houston, Texas in Harris County with ME records were matched on age, race, gender and socioeconomic status to individuals with ME records and no APS history. A conditional logistic regression was conducted to identify variables that reliably predict ME cases with an APS history. Results: APS cases had significantly higher odds of having a history of pressure sores (OR: 2.4; 95% CI = 1.2-4.9), but had significantly lower odds of presenting with abnormally high body mass indexes (OR: 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3-0.9). Conclusion: These data suggest that forensic case information such as a decedent history of pressure sores may indicate a past history of elder mistreatment or self-neglect. In contrast, having an abnormally high body mass index may indicate a lack of APS history. More studies are needed to better define these predictors and to identify other predictors that may assist forensic pathologists in identifying deaths in older adults that may have been impacted by EM and/or SN.
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