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This study examines patterns of growth and nutritional status of indigenous Tsimane' children under 9 years of age (n = 199 boys and 210 girls), based on a cross-sectional sample from 58 villages from the Beni Deparment of lowland Bolivia. Compared with US children, Tsimane' children are quite short, with linear growth tracking at or below the US 5th centile in both sexes. The prevalence of low height-for-age ("stunting;" HA Z-scores

These findings provide further empirical support to calls for a more holistic and comprehensive response to the coexistence of AIDS epidemics with chronic nutrition insecurity. Future work is needed to clarify ways of bridging the gap between short-term nutritional support to individuals and longer-term livelihood security programming for communities affected by AIDS. Such interdisciplinary research will need to be matched by intersectoral action on the part of the agriculture and health sectors in such environments.

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Wildlife (bushmeat or game) is the primary game. The results indicated that the price of fish and meat from livestock is positively correlated with con-source of protein for most poor households in tropical forests, and its consumption is resulting in unsustainable sumption of wildlife, suggesting that policy makers may be able to reduce the unsustainable hunting of wildlife hunting of large animals, even in isolated regions. As a result, loss of fauna is often a more immediate and for food by reducing the price of fish and the price of meat from domesticated animals relative to that of significant threat to the conservation of biological diversity in tropical forests than is deforestation. Although the wildlife. Increasing the production of livestock without causing environmental degradation will require long-potential eCects of the extirpation from tropical forests of large, seed predating and seed dispersing wild term public investment in agricultural research and extension, and substitution of fish for game meat in the animals is poorly understood, it is likely that there will be irrevocable changes in the structure and function absence of sustainable management regimes will result in over-exploitation of riverine and lacustrine fish stocks. of these ecosystems. We carried out a survey of 510 households of Tsimane' Amerindians in the rainforest of Bolivia to investigate how the prices of game and meat Keywords Bolivia, bushmeat, game, price elasticities, tropical forests, Tsimane' Amerindians, wildlife. from domesticated animals aCect the consumption of to species that are hunted for food. Hunting of wildlife Lilian Apaza and Eddy Pé rez Departamento de Biología, Universidad will alter the seed dispersal potential of up to 80% of Mayor de San André s, Casilla 10077-Correo Central Campus the tree species, aCecting seed shadows, seed rain, and

Trade theory predicts that the expansion of markets induces households to specialize and intensify production. We use plot-level data (n = 64) from a panel study of 2 village and cross-sectional data from 511 households in 59 villages of Tsimane' Amerindians (Bolivia) to test the predictions. Results of bivariate analyses using both data sets suggest that as households integrate into the market economy they: (1) deforest more, (2) expand the area under rice cultivation, the principal cash crop, (3) sell more rice, and (4) intensify production by replanting more and by replanting newly cleared plots with maize, another cash crop. Results mesh with predictions about production specialization and intensification of trade theory. The analysis also produced results running counter to predictions from trade theory. For example, households and villages more integrated into the market planted more cassava and rice varieties, intercropped more, and put more crops in new fields than more autarkic households. Although the expansion of markets induces specialization and intensification in selected cash crops, it does not erase completely agricultural diversity. We hypothesize that despite the expansion of markets, households retain agricultural diversity because the market does not yet provide modern forms of self-insurance or well-functioning labor, credit, and product markets that would allow households to protect food consumption when faced with shocks. Without better insurance mechanisms, some agricultural diversity might still allow households to smooth consumption.