The aim of this paper is to develop a framework by drawing on three broad perspectives on resilience: engineering, ecological, and evolutionary, and to use this framework to critically examine the approach adopted by the draft London's climate change adaptation strategy. The central argument of the paper is that the Strategy's emergency planningcentred approach to climate adaptation veers between a standard ecological understanding of resilience and the more rigid engineering model. Its emphasis is on identifying 'exposure' and 'vulnerability' to risk from climate events and on bouncing back from the consequences of such exposures to a normal state, rather than on the dynamic process of transformation to a more desirable trajectory. The paper concludes that fostering resilience involves planning for not only recovery from shocks, but also cultivating preparedness, and seeking potential transformative opportunities which emerge from change.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it presents a pluralistic framework for justice that combines an expanded interpretation of distributive justice with concerns for recognition, participation, capability, and responsibility. It argues that the latter has not attracted the scholarly attention that it deserves in the environmental justice debate. Secondly, the paper demonstrates how this multidimensional framework can be applied in practice to inform practical judgments about particular environmental justice claims by using an example of traffic-related air pollution in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in the United Kingdom.

The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA2 of Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (HaSV), a member of the Tetraviridae, was determined by characterization of cloned eDNA and PCR products and direct sequencing of genomic RNA. The capped, positive sense, singlestranded RNA is 2478 nueleotides in length and has two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) likely to be cistrons which are situated between terminal non-coding regions of 282 and 168 bases, 5' and 3', respectively. Extensive secondary structure of the RNA strand is indicated, including a tRNA-like structure at the 3' terminus which is the first such structure discerned in an animal virus. The first ORF encodes a 17 kDa PEST protein (p17) of unknown function while the second ORF encodes the 71 kDa coat protein precursor (p71) that is cleaved at an Asn-Phe site into the 64 kDa and 7 kDa coat proteins. The precursor coat protein is 66 % identical to that of another tetravirus, the Nudaurelia co virus, with most of the difference residing in a 165 amino acid region located in the middle of the sequence. Despite the extensive similarity, no serological relationship was observed between the two viruses, suggesting that the dissimilar region is exposed on the eapsid exterior. Expression in bacteria of the two RNA2 gene products shows they are likely to be expressed by a leaky scan-through mechanism. Bacterial expression of p71 did not produce virus-like particles while expression of p17 produced large arrays of mostly hollow, hexagonal tube-like structures.

Recent papers have argued that spatial justice should be pursued through a place-based approach, which enables local people to assert their own capacity to act and to pursue their own positive visions: an approach fundamental to LEADER. This paper considers the extent to which LEADER constitutes local action addressing spatial justice through a case study in England. Analysis of this case leads to questions about the extent to which apparent localism is constrained by 'government at a distance' and how this can affect the ability of LAGs to pursue spatial justice. It is suggested that LEADER displays a tension between network and hierarchy modes of governance, increasingly under control of hierarchy in this instance despite its origins as networked CLLD. The paper concludes that LEADER has potential to contribute to spatial justice -both distributive and procedural -but that this may be frustrated by the imposition of different priorities and controls at local or from higher levels. Further case studies will be required to investigate how widely this potential is realised or frustrated across Europe's varying national and local political contexts.

The present study applies an evolutionary resilience framework to complex socioecological systems in the coastal regions in Europe with a particular focus on lagoons. Despite their variations, lagoons share common challenges in achieving effective and sustainable ways of governing and managing economic, social, and environmental uncertainties. Our aim is to demonstrate that building resilience involves planning not only for recovery from shocks but also for cultivating preparedness and seeking potential transformative opportunities that emerge from change. The framework consists of 4 dimensions: persistence, adaptability, transformability, and preparedness. To illustrate how this 4-dimensional framework can be applied to the specific context of lagoons, we draw on examples of good and poor practices from the 10 lagoons studied as part of the ARCH project. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:711-718. © 2016 SETAC.