Institutional pairs of community college‐sending institutions and university‐receiving institutions are associated with significant variation in college completion outcomes, with such variation being especially pronounced for underserved transfer students of color. Higher performing institutional pairs tend to enroll a predominantly White student body, which highlights how inequities in transfer continue to manifest as a baccalaureate completion gap for transfer students of color.
Estrogen receptor antagonists are effective in breast cancer treatment. However, the side effects of these treatments have led to a rise in searching for alternative therapies. The present study evaluated the estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and antiproliferative activities of Euphorbia bicolor (Euphorbiaceae), a plant native to south-central USA. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of latex extract and its phytochemicals were evaluated with a steroid-regulated yeast system expressing the human estrogen receptor α and antiproliferative properties were assessed in the ER-positive MCF-7 and T47-D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-469 breast carcinomas. Genistein and coumestrol identified in the latex extract induced higher estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities compared to diterpenes and flavonoids. The latex extract, resiniferatoxin (RTX) and rutin induced antiproliferative activities in all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, but not in human normal primary dermal fibroblast cultures. A biphasic effect was observed with MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma in which the latex extract at low concentrations increased and at high concentrations decreased cell proliferation. Treatments with latex extract in combination with RTX or rutin reduced even more the proliferation of MCF-7 breast carcinoma compared to the individual latex, RTX, and rutin treatments. E. bicolor latex phytochemicals could contribute to developing commercial therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment.
Community and technical colleges in Washington state were early adopters in the growing trend to offer bachelor’s degrees, actively expanding these degrees over the last 15 years. This study describes the evolving state policy landscape on community college baccalaureate (CCB) degrees in Washington in certain programs previously classified as terminal career-technical education and assesses labor market outcomes for graduates of three high-demand program areas conferring these degrees. Comparing bachelor’s graduates of community colleges to regional university graduates, CCB graduates demonstrated slightly higher employment and earnings in the first quarter post-graduation. However, university graduates caught up to approximately the same or slightly higher earnings as CCB graduates by three years post-graduation. Differences in age and prior work experience of graduates in the two groups may help explain these findings but variation in employment and earnings by gender and race were persistent for both groups, with pronounced disparities for female and some racially minoritized graduates. These findings can inform state policy on baccalaureate attainment, CCB degrees as well as university bachelor’s degrees, to help address inequities in higher education. Future studies evaluating the effects of college degrees on employment and earnings may also be enriched by these results.
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