Comfort versus risk: A grounded theory about female adolescent behaviour in the sun Aims and objectivesThe aim was to generate a grounded theory about female adolescent behaviour in the sun. BackgroundNurses have key roles in health promotion and skin cancer prevention. Adolescents' resistance to sun safety messages and their vulnerability to sunburn is of concern internationally. Understanding why young women do as they do in the sun may enhance skin cancer prevention but their behaviour has not been explained before in the UK. DesignThe study incorporated a qualitative grounded theory design using the approach of Glaser. 2 MethodsQualitative data were gleaned from group and one-to-one, semi-structured interviews with 20 female participants aged 14 to 17, research memos and literature. Sampling was purposive and theoretical. Data collection, analysis and theory generation occurred concurrently. Data were analysed using the constant comparative method.Data collection ended when a substantive theory had been generated. Results Data analysis revealed five categories of findings: Fitting In, Being Myself, BeingPhysically Comfortable, Slipping Up and Being Comfortable (the core category). The theory generated around the core explains how young women direct their sun-related activities toward meeting their physical and psychosocial comfort needs. ConclusionsA contribution of this research is the grounded theory explaining the behaviour of young women in the sun. Further, the theory challenges assumptions that female adolescents necessarily take risks; it explains their sun-related activities in terms of comfort. The theory extends findings from other researchers' descriptive qualitative studies and also appears to apply to young people in countries other than the UK. 3 Relevance to clinical practiceUnderstanding the sun-related activity of young women in terms of physical and psychosocial comfort may help nurses to develop new approaches to skin cancer prevention. These could complement existing messages and humanise health promotion. 4 KeywordsAdolescent sun-related behaviour; comfort; nursing; primary prevention; skin cancer; public health; grounded theory; qualitative research; health promotion; sun safety What does this paper contribute to the wider global clinical community? It increases understanding of female adolescent sun-related behaviour and offers a theory to explain it. Nurses and others may use the insights gained from this study to develop new approaches to skin cancer prevention and to humanise health promotion. Although developed in the UK context, the grounded theory appears to be transferable to young people in countries other than the UK where sun exposure as a risk factor for skin cancer prevention is an issue; there is scope to investigate this through collaborative, international research. The paper challenges assumptions that female adolescents necessarily take risks: the grounded theory explains their activities in terms of their comfort.
Background Smoking tobacco during pregnancy can lead to adverse pregnancy and child health outcomes. Aim To gain insight of smoking during pregnancy from young pregnant women's lived experience. Method A descriptive phenomenological approach was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five women aged 18-20 years who had smoked tobacco during pregnancy. Findings Themes that emerged from the data were related to culture and routine, psychological wellbeing, self-efficacy, public opinion, recognition of harm, whom they spoke to about smoking, and the approaches that helped behaviour change. Conclusions Midwives were seen as the trusted health professional by the young women and a non-judgemental approach was valued to promote self-efficacy. Smoking cessation services were not recognised as beneficial, and cutting down, rather than using nicotine replacement therapy or e-cigarettes, was preferred.
It has been identified that if public health interventions do not account for what it means to be human, they are likely to fail. The aim of this article is to introduce humanization theory and to show how it can be applied to health-promoting practice. Health promotion can feature humanizing and dehumanizing elements, and these appear to impact on how people may (or may not) engage with interventions. The primary prevention of skin cancer in young people is an illustration of this. The practice implications of applying humanization theory to health promotion are potentially vast and complex; however, it is proposed that considering the dimensions of humanization may be a useful activity to inform the early stages of health-promotion intervention designs. Furthermore, developing the qualitative research evidence base about peoples' experiences of humanizing dimensions of health promotion would also be a valuable step towards ensuring that interventions account for the 'human dimension'. Applying humanization theory to the specific example of skin cancer prevention in young people has been a new venture but based on work so far, suggestions for humanizing principles for skin cancer prevention would need to be inclusive of the needs of young people, to support them and to involve them in research and intervention development.
Local service commissioners require information about a community's needs in order to make spending decisions with limited funds. Gaining the knowledge required can be problematic. This paper presents the findings from an innovative project which harnessed the arts in order to facilitate expression of a community's health and wellbeing needs. The project in the form of an arts-based community consultation, was developed in partnership by a range of agencies and organisations engaged with a particular community. A qualitative evaluation study was devised to capture the process of delivering the community consultation. The findings demonstrated that an effectively managed arts-based creative consultation process, can be a powerful mechanism for establishing a community's perspective on their health and wellbeing. Key points Arts-based activities can be an effective vehicle to generate community consultation. Facilitating a community to offer their views can provide commissioners of health and social care services greater insight into local needs. Arts-based activities can not only provide insight but offer added value in terms of strengthening both the community's identity and resilience.
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