Social support is one of the most robust predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, little is known about factors that moderate the relationship between social support and PTSD symptom severity. This meta-analysis estimated the overall effect size of the relationship between self-reported social support and PTSD severity and tested meaningful demographic, social support, and trauma characteristics that may moderate this association using both crosssectional and longitudinal effect sizes. A comprehensive search identified 139 studies with 145 independent cross-sectional effect sizes representing 62,803 individuals and 37 studies with 38 independent longitudinal effect sizes representing 25,792 individuals. Study samples had to comprise trauma-exposed, nonclinical adult populations to be included in the analysis. Crosssectional and longitudinal analyses revealed a near medium overall effect size (rcross = -.27; 95% CI [-.30, -.24]; rlong = -.25; 95% CI [-28, -.21]) with a high degree of heterogeneity (crosssectional I 2 = 91.6, longitudinal I 2 = 86.5). Both cross-sectional and longitudinal moderator analyses revealed that study samples exposed to natural disasters had a weaker effect size than samples exposed to other trauma types (e.g., combat, interpersonal violence), studies measuring negative social reactions had a larger effect size than studies assessing other types of social support, and veteran samples revealed larger effect sizes than civilian samples. Several other methodological and substantive moderators emerged that revealed a complex relationship between social support and PTSD severity. These findings have important clinical implications for the types of social support interventions that could mitigate PTSD severity. Public Significance StatementThis meta-analysis indicates that social support buffers against posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among trauma-exposed individuals. The effect was weaker among individuals exposed to a natural disaster and stronger among veterans. The effect was also stronger when examining negative social reactions in response to trauma.Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that is associated with significant chronic impairment (

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Introduction: In January 2019, the West Virginia Bureau for Public Health detected increased HIV diagnoses among people who inject drugs in Cabell County. Responding to HIV clusters and outbreaks is 1 of the 4 pillars of the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. initiative and requires activities from the Diagnose, Treat, and Prevent pillars. This article describes the design and implementation of a comprehensive response, featuring interventions from all pillars.Methods: This study used West Virginia Bureau for Public Health data to identify HIV diagnoses during January 1, 2018−October 9, 2019 among (1) people who inject drugs linked to Cabell County, (2) their sex or injecting partners, or (3) others with an HIV sequence linked to Cabell County people who inject drugs. Surveillance data, including HIV-1 polymerase sequences, were analyzed to estimate the transmission rate and timing of infections using molecular clock phylogenetic analysis. Federal, state, and local partners designed and implemented a comprehensive response during January 2019−October 2019.Results: Of 82 people identified in the outbreak, most were male (60%), were White (91%), and reported unstable housing (80%). In a large molecular cluster containing 56 of 60 (93%) available sequences, 93% of inferred transmissions occurred after January 1, 2018. HIV testing, HIV preexposure prophylaxis, and syringe services were rapidly expanded, leading to improved linkage to HIV care and viral suppression.Conclusions: Evidence of rapid transmission in this outbreak galvanized robust collaboration among federal, state, and local partners, leading to critical improvements in HIV prevention and

This essay provides an overview of the development of business archives in the United States. The author reviews the uncertain beginnings of corporate archives programs in the 1950s and 1960s, the sudden rush of programs in the 1970s, and the harsh reality check caused by reengineering and downsizing in the 1980s and 1990s. She also reviews the role of public repositories which house corporate archives collections in preserving corporate records. In addition, this essay also presents the author's reflections on the interaction between corporate archives and repositories which collect business records, as a result of her participation in the Records of American Business (RAB) Project. She also lists a number of unanswered questions arising out of the RAB project, requiring further research and writing by the business archives community. The essay concludes with an annotated list of major American corporate archives.