Ervianti D, Widjaja EA, Sedayu A. 2019. Bamboo diversity of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 91-109. Bamboo is one of the important plants in the world. Beside their economic important, bamboo also plays an important role in the environment for climate change. The purpose of this study was to inventory the bamboo diversity in Sulawesi. The methodology used in this study is by observing herbarium specimens kept in the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) and field experience by the second author (EAW). The result showed that there are 39 species of 12 genera in Sulawesi, i.e. Bambusa blumeana, B. glaucophylla, B. maculata, B. multiplex, B. tuldoides, B. vulgaris, Chloothamnus sp., Dendrocalamus asper, Dinochloa albociliata, D. aopaensis, D. barbata D. cordata, D. erecta, D. hirsuta, D. morowaliensis, D. petasiensis, D. pubiramea , D. truncata, Dinochloa sp.1, Dinochloa sp.2, Dinochloa sp.3, Dinochloa sp.4, Dinochloa sp.5, Dinochloa sp.6, Dinochloa sp.7, Dinochloa sp.8, Dinochloa sp.9, Fimbribambusa sp., Gigantochloa apus, G. atroviolacea, G. atter, Neololeba atra, Phyllostachys aurea, Racemobambos celebica, Schizostachyum brachycladum, S. latifolium, S. lima, Sphaerobambos subtilis, and Thyrsostachys siamensis. Identification keys and descriptions are presented. This data reported will be used as basic information for bamboo conservation and bamboo industry.
WIDJAJA, E. A. 2020. Notes on Fimbribambusa Widjaja, with a new species from the Lesser Sunda Islands. Reinwardtia 19(1): 55‒59. ‒‒ A new species, Fimbribambusa rifaiana Widjaja from Alor Island (Lesser Sunda Islands), is described and F. soejatmiae Widjaja & Ervianti, previously described contrary to Art. 40.7 of the ICN (2018), is validated. An improved generic concept of Fimbribambusa and an identification key to the Indonesian species are presented.
Number lends itself to the study of how input interacts with transferred first language (L1) knowledge to facilitate or impede second language (L2) learning. We present data from adult English speakers exposed for the first time to Indonesian, a language that expresses number through bare noun phrases, reduplication and numeral + classifier constructions. Participants were trained on each construction and subsequently tested on both familiar expressions and novel ones. Learners acquired all three constructions. We discuss our results in terms of current theories of second language acquisition.(We ate potatoes with them), or KINDS (Fish have gills). 1 Indonesian uses bare noun phrases (Bare) to refer to both single and multiple objects (buku '(a) book' and 'books'), but it also uses reduplication (Redup) for plurals (buku-buku 'books') and a numeral + classifier construction or NumCl (lima buah buku '5Cl:books'). Emergentist theories predict that Bare will be processable but interpreted as plural THINGs, SUBSTANCEs or KINDs. The referential interpretation of Bare as a single THING, and the acquisition of Redup and NumCl constructions should emerge only slowly based on input. This is because the weights in the connectionist network will adjust to novel forms in the input only incrementally (MacWhinney, 2000;Williams, 2003). Since English has numeral + noun sequences (three books), we also expect Numerals + Nouns (NumN) to emerge given NumCl as input.Schwartz and Sprouse (1994, 1996) predict massive transfer from the L1 for quite different reasons. Their 'Full Transfer/Full Access' (FT/FA) model stipulates that the L1 grammar is the initial state of the L2. Accordingly, Bare should be acquired early but exhibit only the meanings expressable in English. Since FT/FA trades in abstract morpho-syntactic constituents, e.g. Plural, as well as in algorithmic rules (e.g. Merge), if Redup were to be acquired early on, this would be consistent with FT/FA since Redup can be analysed as a base-suffix structure. 2 Since English does not have a functional category of classifiers, they should be more difficult to acquire.The Minimal Trees Hypothesis or MTH (Vainikka and Young -Scholten, 1994-Scholten, , 1996 postulates that only lexical categories transfer from the L1. Functional categories are absent in the early stages of L2 acquisition. The MTH therefore predicts the early acquisition of Bare regardless of what occurs in the input and the patterns of the L1. Functional exponents of number should appear only subsequently and are predicted to emerge in conformity to a hypothesized universal functional hierarchy. Thus, if a Num(ber)P is motivated as the projection of number features (Ritter, 1991(Ritter, , 1992, MTH predicts that exponents of number (e.g. singular and plural), should emerge before higher order categories like DP (determiner phrase). In addition, if classifiers project a classifier phrase or CLP (Li and Shi, 2003: 23), and this CLP occurs between NumP and DP (the locus of deictics and specificity markers), classif...
Among the tropical woody bamboos, the Melocanninae is one of the most clearly recognized subtribes morphologically and has also been consistently well delimited in molecular phylogenetic work. The relationships among those genera in this subtribe, however, have been contentious because of poorly understood generic delimitations, in part due to poor specimen material or insufficiently assessed morphological traits, sometimes exacerbated by poorly accessible provenances. We address the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of two groups which together include the largest number of species in this subtribe: the Neohouzeaua-Schizostachyum complex, distributed from India to South China, Southeast Asia and southwest Pacific, and the endemic Indian genus Ochlandra. Three Neohouzeaua species (including the generic type), 12 Schizostachyum species (including the generic type and several species of uncertain placement), together with five species of Ochlandra and representatives of Cephalostachyum, Melocanna and Pseudostachyum were assessed in a molecular phylogenetic analysis together with members of other well-distinguished subtribes. Members of Neohouzeaua and Schizostachyum align into two main groups that were not completely well-supported statistically but which members possess mostly reflexed culm leaf blades, or mostly erect culm leaf blades. Other characters which provide obvious differences between taxa, such as the number of flowers in a pseudospikelet, fusion of filaments into a staminal tube, and presence of lodicules, were inconsistent between these groups. Neohouzeaua and Schizostachyum cannot be clearly distinguished in either morphological or molecular terms, and thus are united under the latter name, which takes precedence. In reviewing names in Neohouzeaua and their basionyms, several lectotypifications are designated. Three new combinations in Schizostachyum are proposed. On the other hand, Ochlandra forms a distinct clade and its monophyly is demonstrated, supported by clear morphological characters.
ERVIANTI, D., WIDJAJA, E. A. & SEDAYU, A. 2019. New species of climbing and scrambling bamboo from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 18(2): 115−132 — Ten new species of Sulawesi bamboos are discovered, belonging to the climbing genus Dinochloa Büse and the scrambling Fimbribambusa Widjaja. These are Dinochloa bungintimbensis Widjaja & Ervianti, D. glabra Widjaja & Ervianti, D. karaboensis Widjaja & Ervianti, D. khoonmengii Widjaja & Ervianti, D. kolakaensis Widjaja & Ervianti, D. mekonggensis Widjaja & Ervianti, D. multibrachiata Widjaja & Ervianti, D. sessilifolia Widjaja & Ervianti, D. wartabonei Widjaja & Ervianti, and Fimbribambusa soejatmiae Widjaja & Ervianti. Identification keys, descriptions and illustrations of these species are presented.
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