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The activities of key C4 enzymes in gel-filtered, whole-leaf extracts and the photosynthetic characteristics for reciprocal F, hybrids of Flaveria pringlei (C3) and F. brownii (C4-like species) were measured to determine whether any inherited C4-photosynthetic traits are responsible for their reduced CO2 compensation concentration values (AS Holaday, S Talkmitt, ME Doohan Plant Sci 41: 31-39). The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase, and NADP-malic enzyme (ME) for the reciprocal hybrids are only about 7 to 17% of those for F. brownii, but are three-to fivefold greater than the activities for F. pringlei. The low activities of these enzymes in the hybrids appear to be the result of a partial dominance of F. pringlei genes over certain F. brownii genes. However, no such dominance occurs with respect to the expression of genes for NADP-malate dehydrogenase, which is as active in the hybrids as in F. brownii. In contrast to the situation with the enzymes above, cytoplasmic factors appear to determine the inheritance of NAD-ME. The NAD-ME activity in each hybrid is comparable to that in the respective maternal parent. Pulse-chase 14CO2 incorporation analyses at ambient CO2 levels indicate that the hybrids initially assimilate 7 to 9% of the total assimilated CO2 into C4 acids as compared to 3.5% for F. pringlei. In the hybrids, the percentage of 14C in malate decreases from an average of 6.5 to 2.1% after a 60-second chase in 12C02/air. However, this apparent C4-cycle activity is too limited or inefficient to substantially alter CO2 exchange from that in F. pringlei, since the values of net photosynthesis and 02 inhibition of photosynthesis are similar for the hybrids and F. pringlei. Also, the ratio of the internal to the external CO2 concentration and the initial slopes of the plot of CO2 concentration versus net photosynthesis are essentially the same for the hybrids and F. pringlei. At 45 micromoles CO2 per mole and 0.21 mole 02 per mole, the hybrids assimilate nearly fivefold more CO2 into C4 acids than does F. pringlei. Some turnover of the malate pool occurs in the hybrids, but the labelling of the photorespiratory metabolites, glycine and serine, is the same in these plants as it is in F. pringlei. Thus, although limited C4-acid metabolism may operate in the hybrids, we conclude that it is not effective in altering 02 inhibition of CO2 assimilation. The ability of the hybrids to assimilate more CO2 via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase at low levels of CO2 than does F. pringlei may result in an increased rate of reassimilation of photorespiratory CO2 and CO2 compensation concentrations below that of their C3 parent. If the hybrids do possess a limited C4 cycle, it must operate intracellularly. They are not likely to have inherited an intercellular compartmentation of C4 enzymes, since F. brownii has incomplete compartmentation of key C3 and C4 enzymes.

If animals can learn environmental cues, how might their use of information affect competitive interactions between species? I used shared‐preference isoleg theory to generate four different predictions regarding possible ways information could affect density‐dependent habitat selection. To test these predictions, I conducted field experiments on the foraging behavior of three coexisting species of hummingbirds. I studied black‐chinned (Archilochus alexandri), blue‐throated (Lampornis clemenciae), and magnificent (Eugenes fulgens) hummingbirds at the Southwestern Research Station in the Chiricahua Mts. of Southeastern Arizona, USA. Blue‐throated hummingbirds behaviorally dominate the other two species. I found that birds foraging with complete information (via learned color cues) avoid some of the negative effects from competition. Birds that foraged with complete information remained highly selective on rich feeders even with high competitor densities. When birds suffered an information deficit, however, the two subordinate species shifted their foraging preferences. The dominant species did not shift preference. Each subordinate's shift reflects its unique place in this competitively structured guild. With high competitor densities, black‐chinneds shifted from selective to opportunistic foraging when they also suffered from an information deficit. Thus, an information deficit caused black‐chinneds to cross over their first isoleg. Rather than reduce foraging efficiency, the magnificents shortened their foraging time. I use the magnificents’ response to competition and an information deficit to explore the possibility that this guild of hummingbirds is centrifugally organized. My results require us to consider the information‐gathering (e.g., learning) abilities of individual decision‐makers when we evaluate density‐dependent habitat selection. Differences in the level of usable information can alter the way coexisting species respond to competitive interactions that potentially structure communities.