Temperature profoundly affects aging in both poikilotherms and homeotherms. A general belief is that lower temperatures extend lifespan while higher temperatures shorten it. Though this “temperature law” is widely accepted, it has not been extensively tested. Here, we systematically evaluated the role of temperature in lifespan regulation in C. elegans. We found that while exposure to low temperatures at the adult stage prolongs lifespan, low temperature treatment at the larval stage surprisingly reduces lifespan. Interestingly, this differential effect of temperature on longevity in larvae and adults is mediated by the same thermosensitive TRP channel TRPA-1 that signals to the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. DAF-16/FOXO and TRPA-1 act in larva to shorten lifespan, but extend lifespan in adulthood. DAF-16/FOXO differentially regulates gene expression in larva and adult in a temperature-dependent manner. Our results uncover unexpected complexity underlying temperature modulation of longevity, demonstrating that temperature differentially regulates lifespan at different stages of life.
Diet affects nearly every aspect of animal life, such as development,
metabolism, behavior and aging, both directly by supplying nutrients and
indirectly through gut microbiota. C. elegans feeds on
bacteria, and like other animals, different bacterial diets induce distinct
dietary responses in the worm. However, the lack of certain critical tools
hampers the use of worms as a model for dietary signaling. Here, we
genetically-engineered the bacterial strain OP50, the standard laboratory diet
for C. elegans, making it compatible for dsRNA production and
delivery. Using this RNAi-compatible OP50 strain and the other bacterial strain
HT115, we feed worms different diets while delivering RNAi to interrogate the
genetic basis underlying diet-dependent differential modulation of development,
metabolism, behavior, and aging. We show by RNAi that neuroendocrine and mTOR
pathways are involved in mediating differential dietary responses. This genetic
tool greatly facilitates the use of C. elegans as a model for
dietary signaling.
The eyeless C. elegans exhibits robust phototaxis behavior in response to short-wavelength light, particularly UV light. C. elegans senses light through LITE-1, a unique photoreceptor protein that belongs to the invertebrate taste receptor family. However, it remains unclear how LITE-1 is regulated. Here, we performed a forward genetic screen for genes that when mutated suppress LITE-1 function. One group of lite-1 suppressors are the genes required for producing the two primary antioxidants thioredoxin and glutathione, suggesting that oxidization of LITE-1 inhibits its function. Indeed, the oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) suppresses phototaxis behavior and inhibits the photoresponse in photoreceptor neurons, whereas other sensory behaviors are relatively less vulnerable to H2O2. Conversely, antioxidants can rescue the phenotype of lite-1 suppressor mutants and promote the photoresponse. As UV light illumination generates H2O2, we propose that upon light activation of LITE-1, light-produced H2O2 then deactivates LITE-1 to terminate the photoresponse, while antioxidants may promote LITE-1’s recovery from its inactive state. Our studies provide a potential mechanism by which H2O2 and antioxidants act synergistically to regulate photosensation in C. elegans.
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