Marine carbonates in the form of breccias, fossiliferous limestone and conglomerates were found at depths of 1,337-1,491 m (4,120-4,889 ft) bsl. The presence of shallow water foraminifera associated with the deposits suggest that this material formed in a lagoon or beach environment (pers. comm. J. Resig, 1990). The presence of shallow-water carbonates may be interpreted in several different ways, e.g., (1) Kilauea has subsided by 4/889 ft (1,491 m) and is much older than previously thought; (2) faulting has occurred and has displaced the old shoreline; and (3) the deposits represent the contact between Mauna Loa and Kilauea along an o!4 Mauna Loa shoreline. Using current subsidence rates of 2.4 mm/yr (Moore and Thomas, 1988) would yield ages of 557,083 to 621,250 years B.P. An alternative viewpoint is that the subsidence rates are too modest and that the sinking of the island has occurred at greater rates to arrive at the currently accepted age of Kilauea at approximately 250,000 to 400,000 years. LOGGING SPECIFICS The average core recovery rate for the entire SOH 4 drill hole is 93.6% (Fig. 5). Figure 2 is a sample core log illustrating the symbols used to depict different lithologies and descriptive terminology for the unit types. All graphical \AA, 3% plagioclase, «1% ol ivine phenocrysts land mi crogabbros in a gray Feldspathic ^aroundmass \AA, 5% plagioclase phenocrysts, laths and 3X ol ivine V AA, 3% p 1 og i oc 1 ase phsnocrysts, 1 aths, 3% o 1 i v i ne phenocrysts i n a 1 i ght gray Fe 1 dspath i c groundmass. CLINKER, with 5% plagioclase as laths, m i crogabbros, groundmass : bluish gray AA, 5% p 1 ag i oc 1 ase 1 aths, 5% o 1 i v i ne phenocrysts and rare ol ivine-plagioclase; groundmass is dark gray Depth Feet § 100 Temp(C)
Public-works agencies have an obligation to enhance the environment as opportunities arise. The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) has developed an environmental initiative to make an affirmative contribution to the environment, using the department’s organizational strengths. The environmental initiative is a paradigm shift applicable to all departments of transportation (DOTs). Conventional reactive regulatory compliance can reduce unnecessary environmental damage and sometimes gain grudging regulatory agency cooperation; however, it is not a positive, satisfying way of doing the people’s work. Through proactive steps, NYSDOT has become an important part of the state’s environmental solution (often at little or no additional cost) and has changed its working relationships with environmental agencies and groups. As these agencies and groups have become partners, instead of adversaries, permit-approval times have improved, mitigation costs have declined, morale has improved, and cost-effective environmental benefits are being realized. Procedures are outlined to apply the engineering capabilities of a DOT to the environmental-stewardship responsibilities shared by all governmental organizations.
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