The authors investigate the impact of unionization on the representation of women faculty at public Carnegie Doctoral/Research-Extensive institutions in the United States from 1993-94 through 2004-05. Using institutional-level data from the American Association of University Professors and controlling for important characteristics that influence the gender composition of faculty, the authors find that important differences exist in the proportion of women faculty in total and by rank in unionized versus non-unionized settings. Specifically, unionized public research universities have a higher proportion of women faculty overall and at the ranks of associate and full professor than do non-unionized schools.

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Data from 39 countries for the years 2008–2011 are used to explore how features of a country’s labor market influence sex segregation by field of study in higher education. A new feature of this empirical study is the use of the system generalized method of moments (system-GMM) to analyze these relationships. Two new labor market variables are included in this study: a measure of a country’s economic protections for women and the national unemployment rate. After controlling for the level of economic development and characteristics of each country’s tertiary system, the results indicate that labor market variables have an important impact on sex segregation by field of study. All else equal, countries that protect women’s economic rights are associated with lower levels of sex segregation by field. Although the finding is less robust, the empirical evidence also supports that countries with higher unemployment rates experience lower levels of sex segregation.

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