The United Nations [UN] declared 2015 as the International Year of Soils and hopes that this initiative will serve to mobilize society for the importance of soil as a key part of the environment and the dangers surrounding their degradation in the world. The work will address the desertification process in Argentinian Patagonia, in order to intensify this process over time by human occupation. For this analysis, we used historical and current references, addressing an evolutionary outlook, illustrated with maps and quantitative data. The methodology focused on analysis of the first records of the phenomenon, identification and perception of it as a problem that has natural characteristics, but this is powered by anthropic processes with a soil occupation which is different from what the environment would bear with exploration of possibilities that did not consider the native vegetation and the natural system. The results identified point to a sheep and cattle herd growth in parallel with the evolution of desertification. It is possible to mention the characters responsible for such changes, which result in an environmental, social and economic imbalance, and alternatives for the process to be attenuated or mitigated are suggested.Aumento da desertificação na Patagônia Argentina: interferências antrópicas RESUMO. A Organização das Nações Unidas [ONU] decretou 2015 como o Ano Internacional dos Solos e espera que a iniciativa sirva para mobilizar a sociedade para a importância dos solos como parte fundamental do meio ambiente e os perigos que envolvem a degradação deles em todo o mundo. O trabalho abordará o processo de desertificação na Patagônia Argentina, observando-se a intensificação desse processo ao longo do tempo pela ocupação humana. Para esta análise, foram utilizadas referências bibliográficas históricas e atuais, que abordam um panorama evolutivo, ilustrado com mapas e dados quantitativos. A metodologia concentrou-se na análise dos primeiros registros do fenômeno, na identificação e na percepção do mesmo como um problema que apresenta características naturais, porém está sendo potencializado por meio de processos antrópicos com uma ocupação do solo divergente da que o meio ambiente suportaria, com possibilidades de exploração que não consideraram a vegetação nativa e o sistema natural. Os resultados identificados apontam para um crescimento do rebanho de ovinos e bovinos em paralelo com a evolução do processo de desertificação. Podem-se apontar os personagens responsáveis pelas modificações, que resultam em um desequilíbrio ambiental, social e econômico, e sugerem-se alternativas para que o processo seja atenuado ou mitigado.Palavras-chave: interferências humanas, perda de produtividade, degradação ambiental.
This paper addresses the exploitation of mineral resources and suggests that an environmental management that meets a set of measures and mutual cooperation between public and private managers, civil society, and mining companies that exploit natural, renewable, and non-renewable resources is needed. Cooperation between managers and joint safety measures can prevent present and future accidents like the one that occurred in Mariana City in Minas Gerais State (MG). The questioning presented puts into discussion the disaster that occurred in Mariana City due to the rupture of the ore tailings dam (Fundão dam) in November 2015. With an estimated population of 60,000 inhabitants, Mariana City has a local economy directly linked to mining activities. Due to the impact caused by the rupture of the Fundão dam, both city and vegetation were destroyed, among other factors observed along the path followed by the tailings. However, what is discussed in this article with greater emphasis is the loss of vegetation in the watershed. The methodology compared the degree of vegetation coverage in the basin area through the analysis of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – NDVI for 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 in different months. Some images refer to August and other samples are from September, complementing the process through the use of Landsat 8 satellite images - OLI sensor, acquired from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) repository. 299 points were distributed in the quadrant to perform the analyses (n = 299). The level of significance was set at 5% with a 95% confidence, to ascertain and verify whether the data distribution is in an acceptable condition (dense or semi-dense vegetation cover). Regarding vegetation analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used. Both tests indicated a non-normal distribution for the NDVI data set, which indicates the absence of a vegetation index that was covered by the tailings, resulting in an area with large spaces without the coverage previously registered in 2013. We conclude that the vegetation suffered a drastic alteration provoked by the rupture of the Fundão dam which also led to homeless residents, negative impacts on the livelihood of the small farmers and fishermen, silting up of rivers and streams, death of several animal and plant species, and also affected the ecosystem and the local and regional biodiversity.
A portion of the rural territory of the Cristal City-RS was analyzed in order to assess the natural characteristics such as pedology, geology, geomorphology, water network, climatology and the biogeography of this geographical area. For the survey, bibliographical sources such as topographic charts, survey maps of IBGE, reference sources like phytogeographic surveys, and detailed studies of sedimentary and hydrological dynamics that transformed the region in the past were considered. From this study, specific characteristics for each of the analysis categories were mapped in definite charts and analyzed in their context of occurrence. As a result, it was possible to characterizate the natural conditions of the region whose current scenario presents significant differentiation by the anthropic interference in the environment.
O Morro Três Irmãos, em Terra Rica-PR, localiza-se no noroeste do Paraná, sob domínio da Mata Atlântica do interior, sendo a principal fisionomia a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, com a presença de elementos florísticos típicos de enclave vegetacional. A aplicação do estudo fitossociológico nessa área objetivo-se em analisar as características mais relevantes da área e suas condições presentes, utilizando a técnica de representação gráfica das pirâmides de vegetação. O levantamento de campo foi realizado conforme metodologia pertinente, gerando uma análise comparativa da evolução da vegetação da área. O estudo resultou em informações quali-quantitativas localizadas espacial e temporalmente, como os índices de abundância, frequência, dominância e diversidade, além do chamado valor de importância das espécies, representando a vegetação dos pontos coletados verticalmente.
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