RESUMO:Descreve-se um caso de histoplasmose disseminada em um felino fêmea com dois anos de idade, que residia em um sítio no município de São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul. O animal apresentava lesões ulceradas e nodulares nas junções mucocutâneas palpebral, oral, anal, na língua e palato duro a cerca de duas semanas. Foram executados: exame de sangue, radiografia torácica, biópsia incisional, cultura micológica e exame histopatológico. Ao exame histopatológico a lesão é constituída por reação inflamatória piogranulomatosa difusa com predomínio de macrófagos contendo numerosas formas fúngicas e caracterizada no exame micológico como Histoplasma capsulatum.Palavras chave: gato, histoplasmose, pneumonia fúngica, testes diagnósticos. Disseminated feline histoplasmosis: a case report ABSTRACT:We describe a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a female cat with two-year-old, who lived on a farm in the municipality of San Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul. The animal had ulcerated and nodular lesions in the eyelid muco cutaneous junctions, oral, anal, tongue and hard palate about two weeks. Were performed: blood test, chest radiograph, incisional biopsy, mycological culture and histopathological examination. Histopatological injury examination consists of pyogranulomatous diffuse inflammatory reaction with predominance of macrophages containing numerous fungal forms and characterized in mycological examination as Histoplasma capsulatum.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de helmintos intestinais em cavalos de trabalho utilizados em carroças na coleta de resíduos recicláveis e comparar com cavalos de lazer criados no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, através de exames parasitológicos executados nos anos de 2009 a 2012. Foram incluídos nesta investigação 276 cavalos, 131 animais de trabalho do Projeto Carroceiro e 145 cavalos utilizados para lazer. Amostras fecais foram coletadas e processadas pela técnica de flutuação com solução de cloreto de sódio (D=1.20). A positividade foi de 73% (202/276), com 64,8% (94/145) e 82,4% (108/131), respectivamente, para cavalos de lazer e de trabalho, com maior frequência de ovos da família Strongylidae e baixa ocorrência de Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westeri e Anoplocephala spp. Nas duas categorias a positividade foi alta mostrando que medidas profiláticas, terapêuticas e orientação aos proprietários quanto ao controle da verminose equina são necessárias.

Botulism, described the first time in the nineteenth century, it is the causative agent Clostridium botulinum, bacillus gram positive anaerobic mandatory, endospores maker, found in soil and in many freshwater sediments. It is a neuroparalytic affection being described seven neurotoxins (A to G), the C most commonly found in small animals. In dogs, food is generally contaminated with neurotoxin type C causing blockade of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction, generally from hours to days after ingestion, causing lower motor neuron paralysis with fast weakness progressing to recumbence. The aim of this study is an update of canine botulism, as primary diagnosis or differential diagnosis in neurological, addressing since its etiology, incidence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis.

Background: Meningoencephalitis in cats is usually related to infectious diseases but may also be caused by the extension of bacterial infections originated in the middle or inner ear. This paper seeks to report on a case of encephalitis due to an infection in the middle/inner ear in a 15-year-old cat. The diagnosis was made through brain CT scan and culture and antibiogram of material collected during a ventral osteotomy of the tympanic bulla and reported grave intravascular haemolysis associated to the treatment with antimicrobial imipenem with cilastatin sodium that has already been described in humans but not in small animals in the researched literature.Case: A 15-year-old, male, castrated, Siamese cat was brought to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the UFRGS. The animal presented pyrexia and hyporexia, tested negative in the immunoenzymatic test to detect antigens of the FeLV and antibodies of the FIV. The animal had a history of three episodes of tonic convulsion within two days and otitis that hadgone untreated for 10 months prior to the consultation, with apparent spontaneous remission. After blood tests, serum biochemistry profile, abdominal ultrasound scan, chest x-rays and CT scan was requested. It revealed middle and inner otitis in the right ear. It was performed a ventral osteotomy of the right tympanic bulla. Material was collected for culture and antibiogram. It was confirmed that the animal had an inner otitis of bacterial origin by multi-resistant Klebsiella spp. that was sensitive only to antimicrobial imipenem with cilastatin sodium. Fifteen days into the treatment with this antibacterial combination, grave haemolysis was observed, probably associated to the use of the medicine. The patient died on the 17th day of the treatment which was not interrupted as per its owner’s decision. At necropsy, both in the tympanic bulla and liver were found mucous content and whitish lumps. The material collected from the tympanic bulla and cerebrospinal liquid were cultured post-mortem when the bacteria Klebsiella sp. was isolated in the CNS and no bacterial growth was observed in the right tympanic bulla.Discussion: This makes it possible to deduce that there was an intracranial expansion of the otitis which would explain the convulsions and, that due to the use of the antimicrobial agent, the growth of Klebsiella sp. in the tympanic bulla was inhibited. The final diagnosis was bacterial otitis with probable bacterial migration to the brain and liver. Suppurativemeningoencephalitis caused by the expansion of the inflammation deriving from middle/inner otitis has been reported as being the cause of convulsions in cats with bacterial isolation. The bacteria that was isolated from the tympanic bulla is in agreement with the microbiota present in middle/inner otitis in cats. Regarding haemolysis, there are no reports thatlink the use of carbapenems in small animals to it or that mention what the safe therapeutic dosage should be if they were administered. Regarding humans, there have been various reports of haemolytic anaemia caused by this type of medicine including carbapenems. It is also known that, in in vitro tests, imipenem may cause inhibition due to competition from human erythrocyte-glutathione reductase, in charge of defending the erythrocyte against haemolysis. It has been concludedthat meningoencephalitis caused by middle/inner otitis must be included as a differential diagnosis in case of convulsions in cats. Additionally, further studies must be carried out in order to determine both the efficacy and the toxicity of carbapenems in veterinary patients, including studies of the occurrence of grave haemolysis after they are administered.Keywords: meningoencephalitis, computed tomography, convulsions, imipinem, carbapenems.

A aula prática é um momento de vivência, e não apenas de ilustração da aula teórica. Uma oportunidade de lidar com a realidade e dar significado à aprendizagem. O aluno é o elemento central desse processo, pois ele é o sujeito que precisa analisar, comparar, propor ou questionar. Nesse sentido, as metodologias problematizadoras são úteis na aproximação do estudante com a prática profissional, entre elas a Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas combinada com a Medicina Baseada em Evidências. Este texto buscou analisar, a partir da bibliografia consultada, a importância da formação prática do graduando e apresentar a Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas como alternativa de metodologia ativa de ensino e a Medicina Baseada em Evidências como abordagem crítica do conhecimento científico produzido.

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Background: Primary bladder tumors are rare in dogs, in spite of that, the transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the malignant tumor that most affects dogs. The TCC usually begins in the vesical trigone and extends into the bladder, and may cause partial or complete obstruction of the urinary flow. The treatment with cystectomy and urinary diversion in veterinary medicine is not usual probably because the partial cystectomy has low success and ureterocolonic anastomosis can cause pyelonephritis and/ or urinary incontinence. This paper describes the cystectomy surgery and ureterocolonic anastomosis in a dog with TCC in the bladder and bilateral hydronephrosis. Case: A 8-year-old, male, not castrated, Pitbull was referred to the Veterinary Clinic Hospital - UFRGS. The patient had progressive weight loss, low appetite, dysuria, and hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound showed bilaterally hydronephrosis, kidney pelvis and ureter dilatation. The mesogastric region presented a mass measuring about 14 cm. An exploratory laparotomy was request by the responsible veterinarian. A mass, measuring about 20 cm was observed in the spleen and a splenectomy was requested. An increased of the kidney’s volume and an expansion of the renal pelvis and ureter were observed. The bladder wall had thickened and presented a firm consistency, an ureterocolonic anastomosis was requested by the responsible veterinarian. Total cystectomy was performed in a second surgical procedure. Six days after the second surgery the patient condition got worse. The dog presented abdominal pain signals and pale mucous membranes. The hematological and biochemistry analysis findings were, severe anemia, and elevated serum creatinine (6.12 mg/dL) and urea (263 mg/dL) levels. Based on severity of clinical signs and unfavorable prognosis the owners elected for euthanasia. Necropsy revealed a viscous material into the left ureter and in left renal pelvis, and papillary necrosis in the right kidney. The histologic assessment revealed tumor cells in regional lymph nodes and lungs. Discussion: The urinary diversion when consist of total cystectomy and ureteral transplantation to the gastrointestinal tract can be considered a therapeutic option in cases where the trigone is affected. In this study an ureterocolonic anastomosis was requested due to bilateral ureteral obstruction caused by TCC involving the trigone. Neurological and gastrointestinal signs, elevated serum creatinine levels and pyelonephritis may occur after surgery. Neurological signs were not observed. The dog, in the present case report, had already azotemia in pre-surgical examinations, probably caused by bilateral ureteral obstruction. One of the reasons for the increase in postoperative serum creatinine levels is chronic renal failure caused by ascending infection or post-renal obstruction. Another reason could also be reabsorption of the metabolite through the colon. Necropsy findings were ascending infection and pyelonephritis. Dilation of ureter at the time of surgery may have predisposed to the ascending infection. In previous studies aggressive surgical therapy did not result in a significant increase in survival time in dogs when compared to chemotherapy. Most dogs presented metastases, observed most frequently in lymph nodes and lungs. In this report the surgery was performed in an attempt to improve kidney function and life quality of the patient during hospitalization. The prognosis was considered unfavorable because of the advanced stage of the disease and kidney failure. The absence of an early diagnosis and inability to start early chemotherapy may result in a reduced in the survival time of these patients. Keywords: vesical neoplasm, hydronephrosis, urinary diversion, dogs.

Background: Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune skin disease whose the occurrence in feline clinic is uncommom. The etiology is unknown in most cases. Althought it is a rare condition in cats, pemphigus foliaceus can be induced by drugs. It may affect both adult and old cats with no sexual or racial predilection and diagnosis is based on animal historical, clinical examination and skin histopathology. Moreover, the treatment consists in immunosuppressive-based drugs. This paper describes a pemphigus foliaceus case in an eight-month-old kitten, probably due a cutaneous adverse drug reaction.Case: A 8-month-old, neutered male mongrel cat with crusted lesions located on face was examinated at the Veterinary Hospital. The owners reported that they had adopted the patient two months before the clinical presentation suggesting that this background was unknown. The cat was treated in a local veterinary clinic with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory for rhinotracheitis and herpetic dermatitis on face due to the occurrence of sneezing and crusted pruriginous dermatitis. The kitten presented erosions, purulent exudation and crusts on pinnae, nasal and supra ocular areas, paronychia with purulent exudate and alopecia at distal portion of the tail. Supplementary exams such as skin scraping, cytology and fungal culture were performed to rule out other agents and confirm the diagnosis. The parasitological and fungal examination resulted negative despite the fact that cytological exam showed coccoid bacteria. Complete blood count and biochemical profile showed no alteration and the test for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) resulted negative. Histological changes were consistent with intra-epidermal pustular subcorneal with acantholysis dermatitis. An immunosuppressive dose of prednisolona was prescribed for 15 days. After this time, the crusted lesions were substituted by alopecia areas. Every 20 days the corticosteroid dose was reduced by half and after 90 days, the patient showed repilation in all regions previously affected during 545 days whithout treatment.Discussion: Pemphigus foliaceus is usually an idiopathic disease but in some cases it may be induced by drugs and infectious or parasitic agents. Previous reports described that animals younger than 1 year-old and older than 17 year-old can be affected. However, the disease occurrence is rare in young cats. The age of onset of symptoms was early considering that the literature describes 5 years of age as an average for the starting of the disease. Pemphigus foliaceus is considered a pustular disease. However, pustule is rarely reported in cats in contrast with crusted lesions which are the most common clinical sign. The body regions affected were the same as reported in the literature with the addition of systemic signs as anorexia and lethargy. Fungal culture and parasitological examination should always be performed in cats with clinical evidence to discharge other agents. Diagnosis is made by skin histopathology in which acantholytic cells are the main characteristic. The importance of the differential diagnosis and skin biopsy regardless of age enabled the diagnosis and therapeutic success. It is suggested that Pemphigus foliaceus was of pharmacodermic etiology because of the age of the patient, a history of administration of unknown antimicrobial medication and the lack of recurrence of clinical manifestations after 545 days of the end of glucocorticoid treatment