Mobile phones have become very prominent nowadays and an appreciable world population uses these devices on a daily basis. These mobile phones emit electromagnetic radiation in the radiofrequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum which is around 3 kHz to 300 GHz. This type of radiation is called non-ionizing and concerns have been raised in the past concerning its effects on humans. Many researches have been carried out with the aim to determine whether the mobile phones are safe to use or not. This paper reviewed the work of some of these researchers. Focus was put on the methods used by the researchers, sources of their funding, electromagnetic radiation sources used and the number of experiment participants. Results were also compared taking into account the different methodologies used. Much attention was directed to the researches concerning mobile phone radiation on the human head because it is always in close proximity with the phone during phone calls. Quality and accuracy of human head modeling was also reviewed. The human heart, sperm motility and human fetus were also considered. From the results, mobile phone users are recommended to reserve long phone calls for landlines, use hands-free devices e.g. earphones to reduce the proximity between the phone and the head. Switching from GSM to CDMA can also be considered and using a mobile phone only when the network signals are strong is also recommended. The user may also carry the mobile phone somewhere else away from the breast pocket, trouser pocket and pregnant women are encouraged to exercise caution. However, more research needs to be carried out in-order to obtain accurate and clearer results on this issue because past researches produced very inconsistent results.
Almost worldwide energy inefficient incandescent and CFL lamps are used in great numbers for domestic applications. The desire to reduce electrical loading and electricity bills by using energy efficient lighting has resulted in a high level of interest in replacing conventional incandescent lamp and Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) with Light Emitting Diodes (LED) lamps. This research will cover all the economic benefits of replacing CFLs and traditional incandescent bulbs with more energy efficient LEDs lightings. The case study was performed on the standard three bed rooms' house design. Most LED bulbs in the market utilise the same light fittings for the traditional CFL bulbs, so replacement is facilitated. The main purpose is to convince and make the community understand how valuable it is to invest in LEDs. Program simulations on the light intensity for the CFLs and LED lighting systems were performed. The energy-saving potentials were also calculated according to the sample of the house under study. LEDs also have a much longer lifespan , reducing regular necessary replacements, irritating down-times and inexcusable delays. Calculations results in a simple standard three bed room house saving the total energy of 372.6 kWh, or R530.96 annually as per City of Cape Town domestic electricity tariffs of Block 1 of 142.50 cents per kWh [1].
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