Summary Aims Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children/adolescents are very common. Yet, there is a lack of consensus regarding which clinical interventions are appropriate. The aim of this systematic review was to gather and assess the quality of the available literature on the prevalence and evidence‐based treatment strategies in children and adolescents suffering from TMD. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted including articles from 1992 to 2016. A total of 2293 articles were found. Eight were included, six regarding prevalence and two regarding treatment. Simple or multiple conjunctions of different search words: “temporomandibular disorder”, “temporomandibular joint disorder”, “prevalence”, “children” “adolescents”, “occlusal appliance”, “jaw exercise” and “relaxation” were used on the databases PubMed and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were (a) scientific articles or randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating prevalence, choice of therapy and treatment outcome for children and/or adolescents with TMD published in Swedish or English and (b) a TMD diagnosis according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD or Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. Results Prevalence (ages 10‐19 years) varied between 7.3 and 30.4%, and the most common diagnoses were myofascial pain and anterior disc displacement with reduction. Only two articles were found regarding treatment in adolescents (ages 12‐18 years). The stabilising occlusal appliance had superior treatment outcome compared to relaxation therapy or brief information. Conclusion The general absence of standardised studies concerning children/adolescents with TMD pain states the evident need for further systematic prevalence and treatment evaluations. Considering this, it is not possible to achieve any evidence‐based treatment strategies or guidelines for children and adolescents with TMD.
Food hardness is one of the dietary features that may impact brain functions. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the effect of food hardness (hard food versus soft food diet) on behavior, cognition, and brain activation in animals and humans (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021254204). The search was conducted on 29 June 2022 using Medline (Ovid), Embase, and Web of Science databases. Data were extracted, tabulated by food hardness as an intervention, and summarized by qualitative synthesis. The SYRCLE and JBI tools were used to assess the risk of bias (RoB) of individual studies. Of the 5427 studies identified, 18 animal studies and 6 human studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. The RoB assessment indicated that 61% of animal studies had unclear risks, 11% had moderate risks, and 28% had low risks. All human studies were deemed to have a low risk of bias. The majority (48%) of the animal studies showed that a hard food diet improved behavioral task performance compared to soft food diets (8%). However, 44% of studies also showed no differential effects of food hardness on behavioral tests. It was also evident that certain regions of the brain were activated in response to changes in food hardness in humans, with a positive association between chewing hard food, cognition performance, and brain function. However, variations in the methodologies of the included studies hindered the meta-analysis execution. In conclusion, our findings highlight the beneficial effects of dietary food hardness on behavior, cognition, and brain function in both animals and humans, however, this effect may depend on several factors that require further understanding of the causality.
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