Cancers are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the number of new cases is expected to rise significantly over the next decades. At the same time, all types of cancer treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and pharmacological therapies are improving in sophistication, precision and in the power to target specific characteristics of individual cancers. Thus, while many cancers may still not be cured they may be converted to chronic diseases. All of these treatments, however, are impeded or precluded by the frequent development of malnutrition and metabolic derangements in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. These evidence-based guidelines were developed to translate current best evidence and expert opinion into recommendations for multi-disciplinary teams responsible for identification, prevention, and treatment of reversible elements of malnutrition in adult cancer patients. The guidelines were commissioned and financially supported by ESPEN and by the European Partnership for Action Against Cancer (EPAAC), an EU level initiative. Members of the guideline group were selected by ESPEN to include a range of professions and fields of expertise. We searched for meta-analyses, systematic reviews and comparative studies based on clinical questions according to the PICO format. The evidence was evaluated and merged to develop clinical recommendations using the GRADE method. Due to the deficits in the available evidence, relevant still open questions were listed and should be addressed by future studies. Malnutrition and a loss of muscle mass are frequent in cancer patients and have a negative effect on clinical outcome. They may be driven by inadequate food intake, decreased physical activity and catabolic metabolic derangements. To screen for, prevent, assess in detail, monitor and treat malnutrition standard operating procedures, responsibilities and a quality control process should be established at each institution involved in treating cancer patients. All cancer patients should be screened regularly for the risk or the presence of malnutrition. In all patients - with the exception of end of life care - energy and substrate requirements should be met by offering in a step-wise manner nutritional interventions from counseling to parenteral nutrition. However, benefits and risks of nutritional interventions have to be balanced with special consideration in patients with advanced disease. Nutritional care should always be accompanied by exercise training. To counter malnutrition in patients with advanced cancer there are few pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients with only limited effects. Cancer survivors should engage in regular physical activity and adopt a prudent diet.

Background: This practical guideline is based on the current scientific ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Methods: ESPEN guidelines have been shortened and transformed into flow charts for easier use in clinical practice. The practical guideline is dedicated to all professionals including physicians, dieticians, nutritionists and nurses working with patients with cancer. Results: A total of 43 recommendations are presented with short commentaries for the nutritional and metabolic management of patients with neoplastic diseases. The disease-related recommendations are preceded by general recommendations on the diagnostics of nutritional status in cancer patients. Conclusion: This practical guideline gives guidance to health care providers involved in the management of cancer patients to offer optimal nutritional care.

Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Bei Tumorpatienten f?hren sowohl erkrankungs- als auch therapieassoziierte Belastungen h?ufig zu einer Mangelern?hrung. Zentrale klinische Probleme sind eine unzureichende Nahrungsaufnahme, eine Einschr?nkung der k?rperlichen Aktivit?t und Mobilit?t sowie katabole metabolische Ver?nderungen im Sinne einer systemischen Inflammationsreaktion, die oft gemeinsam vorliegen. Diese Leitlinie soll evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zur Erkennung und ggf. multimodalen Behandlung von Ern?hrungs- und Stoffwechselst?rungen bei Tumorpatienten geben. Methodik: Es wurden eine systematische Literaturrecherche sowie eine Handsuche zu Literatur ?ber Ern?hrungs- und Stoffwechelst?rungen bei Tumorpatienten durchgef?hrt. Die Ergebnisse wurden in einer interdisziplin?ren Arbeitsgruppe aus ?rzten, Ern?hrungswissenschaftlern und Di?tassistenten diskutiert und bewertet. Auf dieser Basis wurden von der Arbeitsgruppe Empfehlungen erarbeitet, die auf der Konsensuskonferenz am 18. und 19. Oktober 2013 vorgestellt, diskutiert, z.?T. modifiziert und verabschiedet wurden. Ergebnisse: Die Leitlinie enth?lt 48 Empfehlungen zur klinischen Ern?hrung in der Onkologie. Zur fr?hzeitigen Erfassung von Ern?hrungsst?rungen sollen valide Screeningverfahren eingesetzt und bei Auff?lligkeiten im Screening durch ein gezieltes Assessment erg?nzt werden. Grunds?tzlich soll eine ausreichende Energie- und Eiwei?zufuhr gesichert werden. Hierzu eignen sich die Linderung ern?hrungsrelevanter Symptome sowie ein der individuellen Situation angemessener Einsatz professioneller Ern?hrungsberatung inkl. oraler bilanzierter Di?ten (Trinknahrungen), Sondenern?hrung bzw. intraven?ser Ern?hrung. Jede Ern?hrungsbetreuung sollte zum Aufbau der Muskelmasse von bewegungstherapeutischen Ma?nahmen begleitet werden. Bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Erkrankung k?nnen medikament?se Substanzen zur Steigerung des Appetits, zur Vergr??erung der Muskelmasse und zur Minderung der Inflammationsreaktion erwogen werden. W?hrend einer Bestrahlung im Kopf-Hals-Bereich ist fr?hzeitig der Einsatz von Trinknahrungen und ggf. einer Sondenern?hrung in Betracht zu ziehen, um den Energiebedarf zu sichern und eine Unterbrechung der Bestrahlung zu verhindern. W?hrend einer medikament?sen Tumorbehandlung gilt analog, dass eine ausreichende Nahrungszufuhr gesichert werden soll, ggf. unter Anwendung einer enteralen und/oder parenteralen Nahrungszufuhr. Nach kurativer Tumorbehandlung werden regelm??ige k?rperliche Aktivit?t sowie eine die Bedarfsdeckung nicht ?bersteigende Energiezufuhr empfohlen. Abh?ngig von der Erkrankungsprognose sollte auch bei unheilbar kranken Tumorpatienten auf eine ausreichende Nahrungsaufnahme geachtet werden, w?hrend in der Sterbephase die Zufuhr von Nahrung und Fl?ssigkeit allein symptomorientiert erfolgen soll. Schlussfolgerung: Durchgehende Aufmerksamkeit f?r m?gliche Ern?hrungsst?rungen sowie eine der jeweiligen Situation angemessene Ern?hrungsbehandlung sollen Teil der Supportivbetreuung jedes Tumorpatienten sein, um die K?rperreserven, die ...

Background The glucagon‐like peptide 2 analogue teduglutide is an effective drug for the treatment of short bowel syndrome patients with intestinal failure (SBS‐IF). This intestinotrophic peptide improves intestinal capacity for fluid and nutrient absorption through induction of mucosal growth and reduction of gastrointestinal motility. Clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of teduglutide in reducing the need for parenteral support (PS). This study describes an SBS‐IF patient population receiving teduglutide therapy in a specialized medical care setting. Method A retrospective analysis was performed using data of patients experiencing nonmalignant SBS‐IF. They were treated with teduglutide in a multidisciplinary SBS‐IF program at a single university medical center between June 2016 and June 2020. Results Thirteen patients under teduglutide treatment were included in the final analysis. Mean small bowel length was 82 ± 31 cm, with 77% of patients having their colon in continuity. Over a median follow‐up of 107 weeks, all patients (13 of 13, 100%) responded to the therapy with a clinically significant reduction of PS volume. Mean PS reduction increased with therapy duration and ranged from −82.5% at week 24 (n = 13) to −100% in patients (n = 5) who were treated for 144 weeks. Enteral autonomy was achieved in 12 of 13 (92%) patients. Teduglutide therapy improved stool frequency and consistency, changed dietary habits, and reduced disease‐associated sleep disruptions. Conclusion Integrating SBS‐IF patients treated with teduglutide in a proactive and tight‐meshed patient care program significantly improves the clinical outcome, leading to an increased proportion of patients reaching enteral autonomy.

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