Sunscreens are destined to topical application and should protect skin against ultraviolet radiation; furthermore, they are toxic substances and should not reach the bloodstream, so they must be retained in the skin. In the present work, an oil-inwater photoprotective and antioxidant nanoemulsion (NE) containing chitosan was developed. Preliminary studies were performed aiming to choose the surfactant to be used in this NE; stability of the formulas was determined by dynamic light scattering after their preparation and after 7 days. A blend of surfactants, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, and sorbitan monooleate was selected for the preparation of the NE, as well as the following organic sunscreens: benzophenone-3, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexylbenzoate, octocrylene and octylmethoxycinnamate, and also pomegranate antioxidant extract and chitosan. The antioxidant extract with the highest antioxidant activity was chosen based on a screening of plant extracts by DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Photostability of the sunscreens and in vitro efficacy and safety of the formulations were also evaluated. Results showed that the developed photoprotective and antioxidant NE containing chitosan was stable for at least 6 months, photostable when irradiated in a solar simulator, and effective. Additionally, chitosan acted by promoting retention of the formulation in epidermis, thus increasing formulation safety.
Many Brazilian researchers have long been interested in the development and use of alternative methods. Most of their research groups work in isolation, due to the lack of funding for collaborative studies. Despite these problems, since the Third World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Brazilian researchers have strongly participated, not only by presenting posters and oral presentations, but also by being involved in the World Congress Committees. The Brazilian Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (BraCVAM) must play an important role in the development and validation of alternative methods, through the active participation of the National Network of Alternative Methods (ReNaMA). In Brazil, Law 11,794/2008 regulates the use of animals in experimentation and education, and Law 9,605/1998 clearly states that use of the original animal test is not permitted, if an alternative method is available. Therefore, given the current legal framework, it is very important that all the Ministries involved with animal use, and the organisations responsible for funding researchers, strive to increase the financial support of those groups that are involved in the development and use of alternative methods in Brazil.
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