2012 considers three factors to describe the likelihood of the occurrence of an incident scenario: the frequency of exposure of persons to the hazard, the probability of occurrence of the hazardous event and the technical and human possibilities of avoiding harm. The assessment of these factors can be quite controversial, especially when it concerns the amount of risk removable by protective measures: their mapping onto the risk factors is not always clear and this can lead to non-conservative over-estimations of the risk reduction. We propose a methodological framework compliant with ISO 12100 to systemically carry out repeatable risk analyses in support to the design of industrial machinery in which protective measures can be introduced to reduce risk. The methodology first proposes a scheme for identifying the contribution of PMs to the reduction of risk in a machinery under design. Then, the methodology classifies the protective measures and builds a clear mapping between these classes and the risk factors they impact on. This helps decision makers to identify the protective measures guaranteeing that the residual risk is acceptable. The methodology is applied to a real case study concerning a curing machine for tyre vulcanization, where it has proven to be beneficial for the clarity of the analysis and its repeatability. of the following three sub-attributes: (1) The frequency of exposure of persons to the hazard (Fr); in the risk matrix in Appendix A there are 5 exposure classes, which are assigned numerical values ranging from 1, in case of rare exposures with exposure time shorter than 10 min, to 5, for very frequent exposures. (2) The probability of occurrence of the hazardous event (Pr); this is expressed by an integer numerical value between 1, for negligible probability, and 5, in case of very high probabilities. (3) The technical and human possibilities of avoiding harm (Av); this attribute can take three possible values: 1, probable, 3, possible, and 5, impossible. Once the risk of a scenario is assessed, i.e., the severity of its consequences and the probability of its occurrence have been estimated, it is checked against a prefixed risk matrix (e.g., Appendix A ISO 12100, 2010; ISO/TR 14121-2, 2012) to establish whether it is acceptable or not. If not, some risk reduction measures are suggested by risk analysts
Oral narratives such as Russian folk poetry have been relatively neglected by Translation studies, for the oral as such is hard to capture in writing without losing significant elements. In this paper we will focus on certain aspects and features of oral composition displayed as signs of the complex relationship between orality and literacy. In particular, we will present a series of problems involved in the translation of Russian oral epics in English and Italian. We will explore how the oral style and culture represented in the Russian folk poems (meant to be performed) are reflected in the translated texts eventually becoming estranging elements in the written system of the target language, and how translators cope with these elements. The encounter between these two semiotic systems -oral and written -in the translation produces an intricate combination of different stylistic norms, resulting in a transfer of oral devices into the translated written text. Translation then becomes a dimension where two different cultures meet, the alterity of the cultural other being maintained. Through an analysis of translations of Russian epics in Italian and English, we will try to find out how this transfer is realized in English and Italian, and how orality has influenced translation strategies.
Résumé Le monde de la BD est un univers confusionnel où les dualismes caractéristiques de la pensée occidentale aboutissent à des nouvelles configurations, en particulier en ce qui concerne l’opposition homme/animal, qui y trouve des solutions inédites. Cet essai décrit les racines imaginales de la valorisation négative de l’animalité et les tendances contemporaines qui visent à combler l’abîme que 2000 ans de préjugés ont creusé entre les deux composantes de l’homme. Celles-ci trouvent une représentation parfaite dans le personnage contradictoriel de Batman, un super-héros trop humain. Batman est l’incarnation du sujet contemporain égaré au milieu d’un monde artificiel qu’il a bâti de ses mains et qu’il cherche à contrôler – en vain – à l’aide de la technologie. Le conflit de tension entre les sphères rationnelle et émotionnelle, symbolisé par l’identification avec la chauve-souris, constitue la problématique fondamentale du XXI e siècle.
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