More than 170 human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been completely sequenced, curated and divided into five genera: Alphapapillomavirus, Betapapillomavirus, Gammapapillomavirus, Mupapillomavirus and Nupapillomavirus. With the application of PCR methods, hundreds of putative novel HPV types have been identified as PCR amplicons in mucosa and skin. However, at present there are no studies reporting a systematic search of the currently known L1 amplicons and their phylogenetic relationships. This survey revealed the existence of at least 202 different putative HPV types that are pending for full-genome characterization: five alphapapillomaviruses, 37 betapapillomaviruses, 159 gammapapillomaviruses and one mupapillomavirus. All potential viruses of the genera Alphapapillomavirus and Betapapillomavirus were grouped in the defined species, while 59 putative gammapapillomaviruses types were segregated in 21 unidentified putative species. These data highlight the need for progress in the identification of additional taxa of the family Papillomaviridae in order to elucidate the diversity, evolution and medical implications of these viruses.Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small non-enveloped DNA tumour viruses with a circular genome of nearly 8 kb. PVs infect the epithelia of vertebrates and are host specific (Bernard et al., 2010). By convention, designation of a novel PV type requires the genome to be cloned and curated by the Papillomavirus Reference Center and show less than 90 % identity in the L1 ORF with respect to any known PV type, while PV types belonging to new species within a genus share 60-70 % nucleotide identity with PV types within this genus (de Villiers et al., 2004).Presently, 170 human PV (HPV) types have been officially designated and completely sequenced (de Villiers, 2013; http://www.hpvcenter.se/html/refclones.html), and divided into five genera according to their L1 ORF phylogenetic relationships: Alphapapillomavirus, Betapapillomavirus, Gammapapillomavirus, Mupapillomavirus and Nupapillomavirus. There is diversity in the pathology of the HPV types across the genera and species, in particular in relation to the epithelium infected and the oncogenic potential of the viral type. The genus Alphapapillomavirus is heterogeneous, containing: (i) the high-risk mucosal HPV types in species a-7 and a-9; (ii) low-risk mucocutaneous genital types in species a-10; and (iii) viruses grouped in the species a-4, which are most frequently associated with common skin warts (Bernard et al., 2010;de Villiers et al., 2004).Other HPV-containing genera are less heterogeneous. The betapapillomavirus (b-PV) types cause flat lesions in epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients, but evident HPV lesions are rare in immune-competent individuals (Pfister et al., 2003). The mupapillomavirus (m-PV) and some gammapapillomavirus (c-PV) types cause proliferative cutaneous lesions in humans, although the recently identified c-PV types are not associated with known lesions. In addition, c-PV and m-PV types differ from each other in that...

Bats provide important ecosystem services as pollinators, seed dispersers, and/or insect controllers, but they have also been found harboring different viruses with zoonotic potential. Virome studies in bats distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America have increased dramatically over the past decade, whereas information on viruses infecting South American species is scarce. We explored the virome of Tadarida brasiliensis, an insectivorous New World bat species inhabiting a maternity colony in Rosario (Argentina), by a metagenomic approach. The analysis of five pooled oral/anal swab samples indicated the presence of 43 different taxonomic viral families infecting a wide range of hosts. By conventional nucleic acid detection techniques and/or bioinformatics approaches, the genomes of two novel viruses were completely covered clustering into the Papillomaviridae (Tadarida brasiliensis papillomavirus type 1, TbraPV1) and Genomoviridae (Tadarida brasiliensis gemykibivirus 1, TbGkyV1) families. TbraPV1 is the first papillomavirus type identified in this host and the prototype of a novel genus. TbGkyV1 is the first genomovirus reported in New World bats and constitutes a new species within the genus Gemykibivirus. Our findings extend the knowledge about oral/anal viromes of a South American bat species and contribute to understand the evolution and genetic diversity of the novel characterized viruses.