The product/profit cycle and new international division of labor theories hypothesize that establishments in a single industry may be undertaking different activities in different locations: innovative and developmental activities will be anchored in regions of origin, while more routine production and service functions will be dispersed to lower cost and downstream consuming regions. Disparities in occupational composition offer a test of these theories. In this article, we test whether a region's occupational structure can be read off of its industrial structure. Using a data set created for eleven California metropolitan areas for 1997, we explore the extent to which the occupational mix within a specific metropolitan industry is dissimilar to the mix found for that same industry in other metros. We find that estimating a metro's occupational mix by assuming that its industries mirror the national occupational structure for those industries often provides a reasonable approximation especially for aggregate occupational categories. However, this does not hold for a cluster of innovative industries and occupations that we tested, specifically in hightech research and development and information technology activities. In such cases, pursuing industrial targeting will not achieve the same consequence as pursuing occupational targeting.
Climate change in California is altering habitat conditions for many species and exacerbating stress from other factors such as alien invasive species, pollution, and habitat fragmentation. However, the current legal and planning framework for species protection does not explicitly take climate change into account. The regulatory framework is primarily reactive, kicking in only after species' health is gravely threatened. Neither federal nor state regulations require forward-looking, climate-sensitive species or ecosystem protection plans. Habitat planning is poorly funded and often piecemeal. In this context, the wrong lands may be protected, with development allowed to occur in areas that would be most beneficial for species conservation in the future. A more forward-looking approach to habitat conservation is needed, one based on a statewide strategy to identify and protect critical habitat areas, including corridors to enable species migration. The approach would also require development of assessment indicators and assistance strategies not dependent on current habitat structure, and a governance structure to implement regular, periodic updates of management plans in relation to agreed-upon performance indicators. Such a strategy should integrate habitat conservation planning with other state and regional plans and objectives, such as for transportation infrastructure, urban development, and mitigation of climate change.
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