Social tagging is one of the major phenomena transforming the World Wide Web from a static platform into an actively shared information space. This paper addresses various aspects of social tagging, including different views on the nature of social tagging, how to make use of social tags, and how to bridge social tagging with other Web functionalities; it discusses the use of facets to facilitate browsing and searching of tagging data; and it presents an analogy between bibliometrics and tagometrics, arguing that established bibliometric methodologies can be applied to analyze tagging behavior on the Web. Based on the Upper Tag Ontology (UTO), a Web crawler was built to harvest tag data from Delicious, Flickr, and YouTube in September 2007. In total, 1.8 million objects, including bookmarks, photos, and videos, 3.1 million taggers, and 12.1 million tags were collected and analyzed. Some tagging patterns and variations are identified and discussed.
framework but a concrete, syntactic structure that models the semantics of a domain -the conceptual framework -in a machine-understandable language.The most frequently quoted definition of an ontology is from Tom Gruber. In "Ontologies as a specification mechanism" (www-ksl.stanford.edu/ kst/what-is-an-ontology.html), Gruber described an ontology as "an explicit specification of a conceptualization." This definition is short and sweet but patently incomplete because it has been taken out of context. Gruber was careful to constrain his use of conceptualization by defining it as "an abstract, simplified view of the world that we wish to represent for some purpose" -a partial view of the world consisting only of those "objects, concepts and other entities that are assumed to exist in some area of interest and the relationships that hold among them." Following Gruber's lead, an ontology can be defined as a partial, simplified conceptualization of the world as it is assumed to exist by a community of users -a conceptualization created for an explicit purpose and defined in a formal, machine-processable language.
One major aspect of T.D. Wilson's research has been his insistence on situating the investigation of information behaviour within the context of its occurrence -within the everyday world of work. The significance of this approach is reviewed in light of the notion of embodied cognition that characterises the evolving theoretical episteme in cognitive science research. Embodied cognition employs complex external props such as stigmergic structures and cognitive scaffoldings to reduce the cognitive burden on the individual and to augment human problem-solving activities. The cognitive function of the classification scheme is described as exemplifying both stigmergic structures and cognitive scaffoldings. Two different but complementary approaches to the investigation of situated cognition are presented: cognition-as-scaffolding and cognition-asinfrastructure. Classification-as-scaffolding views the classification scheme as a knowledge storage device supporting and promoting cognitive economy. Classification-as-infrastructure views the classification system as a social convention that, when integrated with technological structures and organisational practices, supports knowledge management work. Both approaches are shown to build upon and extend Wilson's contention that research is most productive when it attends to the social and organisational contexts of cognitive activity by focusing on the everyday world of work.
Two layers of enriched information are constructed for communities: a paperto-paper network based on shared author relations and a paper-to-paper network based on shared word relations. k-means and VOSviewer, a modularity-based clustering technique, are used to identify publication clusters in the two networks. Results show that a few research topics such as webometrics, bibliometric laws, and language processing, form their own research community; while other research topics contain different research communities, which may be caused by physical distance.
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