Open Access License:This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. abstract BackgroundThe main aim of the study was to determine variation of some coordination motor abilities between badminton players at various ages and with various training experience and their level compared to non-athletes. Material/MethodsThe results of the tests of coordination motor abilities were collected from 30 badminton players (younger cadets, cadets and juniors) and 54 peers who were non-athletes. Computer tests were used to evaluate selected coordination motor abilities using a touch screen laptop. Means between age groups of athletes were compared based on one-way analysis of variance or its non-parametric counterpart. The significance of differences between means of the two groups was evaluated using Student's t-test for unrelated samples, the CochranCox test and the Mann-Whitney U test. ResultsComparison of the results of tests of coordination motor abilities between groups of athletes at various chronological ages revealed statistically significant differences in 11 cases. Furthermore, differences in the level of coordination motor abilities between badminton players and non-athlete peers were found at individual training stages (younger cadets, cadets, juniors). These regularities were especially noticeable for times of simple reaction to visual and auditory stimuli. ConclusionsTraining experience has a significant effect on the level of the analysed coordination motor abilities of badminton players. This correlation concerns all the analysed coordination abilities. With regard to practical implications of the training process of young badminton players, one should emphasize the development of coordination motor abilities.
<b>Introduction:</b> Apart from knowledge, teaching aids also play a major role in teaching and improving motor skills, particularly in early school education. They not only facilitate the implementation of the teaching process but also trigger and reinforce educational activity. <br/><b>Aim of the study:</b> The aim of the presented research was to establish the state of knowledge of primary education schoolgirls, grade 1-3, about the sport equipment that should be used in physical education classes and various sport disciplines. <br/><b>Material and methods:</b> The research had a continuous character and covered a group of 267 girls aged 7 to 9. The schoolgirls came from randomly selected village schools in the neighbourhood of Krakow. <br/><b>Results:</b> As the results of the research show the state of knowledge of the schoolgirls about the basic teaching aids used in physical education classes can be generally recognized as average. What the surveyed schoolgirls found most difficult was providing correct names for such equipment as: a badminton racket, gym stick, gym hoop and ringo. Among all the teaching aids illustrated in the test, the surveyed best recognized balls used in team games (football, volleyball and basketball). In this case as many as 93% of 9 year old girls answered correctly. <br/><b>Conclusions:</b> Generally, in all analysed questions the research results show a statistically significant (level p ≤ 0.05) improvement of the girls’ knowledge on tools and equipment used for work out with increasing age.
Purpose. The objective of this study was to determine the level and rate of change of reaction time during the developmental period from early childhood to early adulthood. Polynomial regression analysis was applied to determine the age at which the best reaction time results are achieved. Methods. The study involved 550 females between the ages of 7 and 20 years. Participants completed a computer test measuring simple reaction times to visual and auditory stimuli and choice reaction time during the ontogenetic developmental period. Results. Analysis of the results for age group distinguished two sub-periods of reaction time dynamics: a progressive increase throughout the developmental period followed by a plateau phase. This was evident for all reaction time measures (simple and choice) particularly in the case of that data collected empirically. Conclusions. best reaction times to visual and auditory stimuli were approximately at the age of 17 years. In turn, quickest choice reaction time was approximately one year earlier in life. The most dynamic increase in the results of both simple reaction times was between the age of 7 and 8 years, whereas for choice reaction time this was between 10 and 11 years of age.
Introduction: Physical activity, apart from enhancing proper body functioning, is a natural need of every human being, and taken up regularly brings numerous health benefits. The aim of the research was to define the level of physical activity in leisure time as well as to present the forms of physical activity preferred by students. Material and methods: The research was conducted in the academic year 2017/2018 among the first year students of The State Higher Vocational School in Tarnów, majoring in Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Nursing. The survey covered the total of 209 students, 153 females (73.2%) and 56 males (26.8%). A diagnostic survey was applied as the research method, and the empirical material was collected with the use of a questionnaire. Results: The research showed that the level of students’ physical activity varied depending on both sex and the field of study. The majority of the respondents (66.5%) showed a low level of physical activity. The female students most frequently practised swimming (22.2%) and running (13.1%), whereas the male students preferred football (32.1%), gym workout (17.9%) and, similarly to the females, swimming (14.3%). Conclusions: On the basis of the research results and the formulated conclusions it can be stated that taking decisive and effective actions in order to develop positive attitudes towards physical culture among children and youth and to prepare them for lifelong care for their body should be a priority.
Introduction: Forming positive attitudes of students towards physical culture is the most important task of the school and the physical education teacher. The aim of the study was to determine the attitudes of secondary school students towards physical culture, PE lessons and exercises. Material and methods: The research was conducted in the school year 2015/2016 among secondary school students in the Niepołomice commune. A total of 238 students were examined, including 103 girls and 135 boys. The basic research method was a diagnostic survey and the tool was the questionnaire to study youth attitudes towards physical culture by S. Strzyżewski. Results: The research showed an average level of students’ attitudes towards physical culture. Most students (61.4%) would participate in physical education lessons, even if they were optional. A large group of respondents (50.4%) believe that it would be necessary to increase the number of physical education hours at school. Boys enjoyed exercise more often than girls. They also felt a greater need to play ball games. Conclusions: Students’ attitudes towards physical culture, PE lessons and physical exercises were satisfying. The gender of the respondents differentiated the results in many areas where the percentages were higher in boys. It would be advisable to involve more physical education teachers in forming students’ desirable attitudes towards physical culture.
Aim. The aim of the study was to acquire knowledge on the contribution of younger school children in organized and nonorganized physical activity. Basic procedures. The main research method was a diagnostic survey. The level of physical activity was determined on the basis of the frequency (number of days per week) and volume (number of hours per week) of organized and non-organized activity. The SPSS 21 (IBM Corp., 2012) programme was used for statistical analysis of the results. Results. The highest percentage values among the subjects in each age group were recorded in the range of the average level of physical activity. Approximately 2/3 of the subjects in each age group participated in organized physical activity. Almost every third child exercised once a week, the activity lasted one hour. Among the forms of organized physical activity in which children are most likely to participate, those which dominate include: corrective gymnastics, dance and swimming. The vast majority of subjects preferred non-organized physical activity. Daily contact with such activity occurred in the case of about 1/4 of the subjects. Over 1/3 of the participants spent more than 4 hours a week on such activity. Only a few performed this type for 1 hour, and with age, this duration gradually decreased. A typical form of non-organized physical activity was cycling. Games using a ball, other various games, football, roller-skating and swimming were also popular. Conclusions. The studied participants were more likely to perform non-organized forms of movement than those organized. In addition to physical activity, quite a large percentage of the surveyed children spent their free time in front of the TV or playing computer games. Along with the increase in age, there was a rise in the interest in tennis, football and computer games, and there was less interest in skiing or playing games.
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the relation between parents’ physical activity and a child’s physical activity in leisure time and to identify the extent parents engage in physical education of their children. Methods: The research was conducted among randomly selected parents of children aged 7-10 years living in Cracow. The study involved 334 parents (children aged 7-8 years), 365 (children aged 8-9 years) and 317 (children aged 9-10 years). The diagnostic survey method was used in the study, and the basic technique was a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate the level of parents’ physical activity, their children’s physical activity, and parents’ interest in their children’s physical education. The SPSS 21 (IBM Corp., 2012), chi-square signifi cance test and Spearman rho correlation analysis were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The results have shown that the level of parents’ engagement in the physical activity of children at a school age (85.1%) was very low. The parents’ physical activity was clearly aff ected by their education and socio-economic status. The fi ndings have also indicated that the highest number of children aged 7-10 (39.8%) pursue physical activity at an average level. The highest level of physical activity was detected in a small group of children (4.1%) and low and very low in 34.7% of participants. The level of parents’ interest in the physical activity of children was mostly moderate (45.4%). However, a considerable number of parents (41.4%) exhibited a low level of interest. Conclusion: The level of physical activity of parents and their children in leisure time is low. It was found that a child’s depends on family socio-economic status, parents’ educational background, their physical activity and engagement in physical education of a child.
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