Tourism sector has become quite important in recent years due to its contributions to the balance of payments, employment and national income of both developed and developing countries. In order for countries to become a stronger global actor today, they need to increase their global competitiveness not only in the product markets and industry, but also in the tourism sector. In this perspective, in this study, which covers the period 2003-2017, the level of specialization and competitiveness in the tourism sector, which is a key role for the Turkish economy, were analyzed and "the Revealed Comparative Advantages" approach was used in the analyses. The Balassa index was used to determine the level of competition. In order to determine the level of specialization, the Net Trade index and the Export Import Ratio index were used. According to the results of the analysis, Turkey has provided expertise in the tourism sector and has a moderate competitive edge.
In the study, the competitiveness of V4 countries was analyzed with the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Relative Export Advantage (RXA) Indices. According to the results of the RCA Index analysis, Poland has a competitive advantage in 35 product groups, Czech Republic has 27, Hungary has 23 and Slovakia has a competitive advantage in 20 product groups. It is seen that Poland has the most comparative advantage among the V4 countries. The RXA Index analysis results are also similar to the RCA Index. According to both indices, the number of product groups (Poland has in 35, Czech Republic has 27, Hungary has 23 and Slovakia has in 20 product groups) in which they have quantitative comparative advantage is the same. Although there is a competitiveness in labor and raw material intensive product groups in V4 countries, some of the product groups with high added value also have competitiveness. This is a positive situation for the export portfolio of V4 countries.
The aim of this study is to demonstrate the level of specialization of MENA countries in foreign trade using the Lafay index (LFI) between 2000 and 2016. In this context, the levels of specialization in the foreign trade of the countries mentioned were examined by using SITC Rev. 3, 2-digit product groups. According to the values obtained from the analyses, countries provided specialization in the foreign trade of products with low added value factor equipment. In other words, countries did not gain a competitive advantage in the foreign trade of high value-added products during the specified period. However, Jordan, Morocco, Israel and Tunisia from the MENA countries provided specialization in the foreign trade of some innovative product groups. The fact that other countries are net external buyers in the production and export of high value-added products negatively affects global competitiveness.
This paper aims to reveal the effects of the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA), which determines the course of the textile trade and the global competition on countries' levels of specialization. In this perspective, we analyze the levels of specialization (competition) of the 10 countries whose exports were the highest in the sector before and after the complete abolition of quotas in a comparatively. In the analyses, we use the Index of Contribution to Trade Balance (ICBT), the Export-Import Ratio Index (EIRI) and the Michaely Index (MI) to measure the progress of countries' level of specialization in the sector by years. All of these indices indicate that the highest levels of specialization in the sector were Pakistan, India and Turkey before the end of the MFA. After 2005, when quotas were completely eliminated, China and Hong Kong increased their level of expertise in the sector and separated positively from other countries. In this context, China achieved a global competitive advantage in the sector, especially with high level of specialization.
The increase in the number of epidemic diseases and their fatal effects, and the global importance of health problems with each passing day cause the health expenditures of countries to increase necessarily. In addition, countries are making efforts to increase their medical product exports in order to meet the increasing global demand in the sector and to increase their national income. With the increase in the importance of the health sector and exports in the sector, the concept of global competitiveness has also gained importance. As with many products, competition has increased and even started to heat up in the export of medical products. Although the health system of developing countries has started to develop in recent years, it is not sufficient. We aim to analyze the impact of health expenditures on medical product exports in E7 countries (Turkey, China, India, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil and Mexico) in the developing countries group in the paper. In this context, we first perform the MADF unit root test to test the stationarity of the series in the study covering the period 2000-2017. Then we perform the Swamy S test to determine the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the series. Finally, we apply the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel causality test to determine the causality relationship between the series. As a result of our findings, we determine that the series are stationary and heterogeneous in the first difference and that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between the two variables. In other words, both health expenditures affect medical product exports and medical product exports affect health expenditures. In this perspective, when countries' health expenditures increase, medical product exports also increase, and when medical product exports increase, health expenditures also increase.
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