BACKGROUND:Surgeons must understand the complex anatomy of the cerebellum and brainstem and their 3-dimensional (3D) relationships with each other for surgery to be successful. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no fiber dissection studies combined with 3D models, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) of the structure of the cerebellum and brainstem. In this study, we created freely accessible AR and VR simulations and 3D models of the cerebellum and brainstem.OBJECTIVE:To create 3D models and AR and VR simulations of cadaveric dissections of the human cerebellum and brainstem and to examine the 3D relationships of these structures.METHODS:Ten cadaveric cerebellum and brainstem specimens were prepared in accordance with the Klingler's method. The cerebellum and brainstem were dissected under the operating microscope, and 2-dimensional and 3D images were captured at every stage. With a photogrammetry tool (Qlone, EyeCue Vision Technologies, Ltd.), AR and VR simulations and 3D models were created by combining several 2-dimensional pictures.RESULTS:For the first time reported in the literature, high-resolution, easily accessible, free 3D models and AR and VR simulations of cerebellum and brainstem dissections were created.CONCLUSION:Fiber dissection of the cerebellum-brainstem complex and 3D models with AR and VR simulations are a useful addition to the goal of training neurosurgeons worldwide.
BACKGROUND:An understanding of the anatomy of white matter tracts and their 3-dimensional (3D) relationship with each other is important for neurosurgical practice. The fiber dissection technique contributes to this understanding because it involves removing the brain's white matter tracts to reveal their anatomic organization. Using this technique, we built freely accessible 3D models and augmented and virtual reality simulations of white matter tracts.OBJECTIVE:To define the white matter tracts of cadaveric human brains through fiber dissection and to make 2-dimensional and 3D images of the white matter tracts and create 3D models and augmented and virtual reality simulations.METHODS:Twenty cadaveric brain specimens were prepared in accordance with the Klingler method. Brain hemispheres were dissected step-by-step from lateral-to-medial and medial-to-lateral directions. Three-dimensional models and augmented reality and virtual reality simulations were built with photogrammetry.RESULTS:High-resolution 3D models and augmented reality and virtual reality simulations of the white matter anatomy of the cerebrum were obtained. These models can be freely shifted and rotated on different planes, projected on any real surface, visualized from both front and back, and viewed from various angles at various magnifications.CONCLUSION:To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study integrating various technologies (3D modeling, augmented reality, and virtual reality) for high-resolution 3D visualization of dissected white matter fibers of the entire human cerebrum.
BACKGROUND: Understanding the anatomy of the human cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem and their 3-dimensional (3D) relationships is critical for neurosurgery. Although 3D photogrammetric models of cadaver brains and 2-dimensional images of postmortem brain slices are available, neurosurgeons lack free access to 3D models of cross-sectional anatomy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem that can be simulated in both augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). OBJECTIVE:To create 3D models and AR/VR simulations from 2-dimensional images of cross-sectionally dissected cadaveric specimens of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. METHODS:The Klingler method was used to prepare 3 cadaveric specimens for dissection in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. A series of 3D models and AR/VR simulations were then created using 360°photogrammetry.RESULTS: High-resolution 3D models of cross-sectional anatomy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem were obtained and used in creating AR/VR simulations. Eleven axial, 9 sagittal, and 7 coronal 3D models were created. The sections were planned to show important deep anatomic structures. These models can be freely rotated, projected onto any surface, viewed from all angles, and examined at various magnifications.CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this detailed study is the first to combine up-to-date technologies (photogrammetry, AR, and VR) for high-resolution 3D visualization of the cross-sectional anatomy of the entire human cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The resulting 3D images are freely available for use by medical professionals and students for better comprehension of the 3D relationship of the deep and superficial brain anatomy.
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