Spontaneous combustion of coal is an important problem in mining and storage, in terms of both safety and economics. This is because coal reacts with oxygen in the air and an exothermic reaction occurs, even in ambient conditions. The heat of the reaction accumulates and the reaction becomes progressively faster and thermal runaway may take place to the point of ignition. A detailed computer model has been developed to simulate a bulk-scale, one-dimensional test column. Predictions from this model can then be used to simulate full-scale storage conditions. Model predictions are verified by using the experimental results from the test column at the University of Queensland. A 2-m column is being used in this laboratory to conduct a practical test capable of providing reliable data on coal self-heating.Coal self-heating results produced with the 2-m column are consistent with theory. In particular, the hot spot development in test runs closely matches model predictions. Features of moisture transfer and hot spot migration are clearly visible, both in the model and in tests in the column.Under the specific conditions considered in this study, it is shown that a subbituminous coal can reach thermal runaway in 4.5 days. This result is confirmed by observations made at the mine site, where hot spots have been found to occur within this timeframe.The results obtained in this study indicate that there is a definite need to consider the influence of coal moisture on spontaneous combustion.

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prenatal interventions on maternal foetal attachment. Design Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Methods In this study, a comprehensive review was performed to find articles published from January 2000 ‐ December 2019 in the form of randomized and non‐randomized clinical trials. To this end, online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Proquest, Ovid, CINAHL and JAMA were searched. Duplicate articles were also excluded using Endnote X7 Reference. The results were then analysed via RevMan 5.3 software. Results The results showed that foetal movement counting did not seem to be effective in increasing MFA by itself. But, this intervention alongside other attachment behaviours such as touching the belly and talking to foetus could enhance MFA. Therefore, the best interventions to improve MFA might be combined ones implemented in the form of counselling and training sessions.

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Background: The involvement of husbands during pregnancy within the Iranian culture is one of the challenging topics. In this context, efforts to encourage male involvement in the maternal health issues can strengthen family bonds and consequently improve the relationships between men and women in societies. Objectives: This qualitative study aimed to elucidate the involvement of husbands in maternal-fetal attachment (MFA). Methods: Using a qualitative approach and conventional content analysis, 11 pregnant women referring to the health care centers in Sari, Iran were interviewed from March 2020 to February 2021. The participants met the maximum diversity criteria in terms of age, level of education, occupation, and socioeconomic status. Deep and unstructured interviews were utilized to obtain the research data. All the interviews were then transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method developed by Graneheim and Lundman in MAXQDA Software. Results: A total of 350 codes emerged from the data. We identified a main theme entitled ‘husband support’, which included four categories and 11 sub-categories. The main categories were: (1) empathic response, (2) emotional support, (3) continued support, and (4) attention to fetus. Conclusions: Interventions to enhance husband support could increase MFA. Planning to promote male participation in pregnancy process is essential to promote maternal and child health.