Resumo As raízes da mandioca são ricas em carboidratos e amplamente consumidas em todo o mundo. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar características morfológicas e culinárias de quatro etnovariedades de mandioca (Cacau branca, Cacau roxa, Cacau amarela e Mandioca pão), em diferentes épocas de colheita. As características avaliadas foram: forma da raiz, cor da película, textura da epiderme, cor do córtex, cor da polpa, descascamento da película e do córtex, tempo de cozimento, padrão de massa cozida e deterioração pós-colheita das raízes. As etnovariedades exibiram variação fenotípica quanto às características morfológicas. A Cacau branca e a Cacau roxa apresentaram descascamento fácil nas três primeiras épocas de colheita. O tempo de cocção variou de ‘bom’ a ‘ruim’ entre as etnovariedades, sendo que a Cacau roxa apresentou o menor tempo de cozimento (15 min), aos seis meses, e a Cacau amarela, o maior tempo (35 min), aos 10 e 12 meses. A Cacau branca e a Cacau roxa apresentaram maior nota média quanto à classificação de massa cozida, sendo as mais indicadas para utilização como mandioca de mesa. Quanto às características ‘tempo de cocção’ e ‘qualidade da massa cozida’, as raízes das quatro etnovariedades, colhidas aos seis e oito meses pós-plantio, apresentaram-se ideais para o consumo de mesa. O tempo de cozimento apresentou aumento crescente de acordo com a permanência das plantas no campo. As etnovariedades Cacau amarela e Mandioca pão são as mais indicadas para cultivos que visem à comercialização, pois apresentaram, em todas as épocas de colheita, menor susceptibilidade à deterioração.

©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 18 (4): gmr18357 A.V. Tiago et al. 2 (SSRY47), with a mean of 0.680. The expected and observed heterozygosity showed an average of between 0.717 and 0.688, for SSRY126 and SSRY47, respectively. The heterozygosity values observed were higher than those expected in five of the six populations, generating negative values of the fixation index (-0.070). Among the six populations, Alta Floresta and Cuiabá had the highest percentage of polymorphic loci (100%). The groupings obtained by UPGMA, Structure and PCoA among the six populations were concordant in allocating the individuals into two genetic groups. We found considerable genetic diversity among the samples, evidenced by the high values in the diversity indices. These high values are possibly related to the management of the fields and the exchange of propagative material among the farmers. Therefore, it is proposed that both populations be conserved since they have potential that could be used for genetic improvement of this essential crop.

ABSTRACT. Hymenaea courbaril L. is a tropical tree species with economic and medicinal potential largely used in programs for the recovery of degraded areas. The use of molecular markers in genetic studies can 2 V.D. Rocha et al. Genetics and Molecular Research 16 (3): gmr16039706 help in the definition of forest restoration strategies. This study was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among H. courbaril ('jatobá') genotypes naturally occurring in the north of Mato Grosso State, Brazil, using ISSR markers, aiming to contribute to the development of seed collection and seedling production strategies. Twenty-four H. courbaril individuals were sampled by collecting leaves for DNA extraction by the CTAB method. The individuals were genotyped using 14 ISSR primers, resulting in the amplification of 87 bands in total, 65 of which were polymorphic. The ISSR markers presented average polymorphism information content of 0.44. Dissimilarity values based on the Jaccard coefficient ranged from 0.12 to 0.52. The most divergent individuals were 3 and 22, whereas 14 and 19 were the most genetically similar. The UPGMA and Tocher clustering methods indicated the formation of four distinct groups, revealing genetic variability among the 24 H. courbaril genotypes. Therefore, all the evaluated genotypes can be used for seed collection and seedling production, but the most divergent individuals should be prioritized.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a traditional crop in tropical and subtropical regions that is used for human consumption and in animal feed. This studied cassava landraces cultivated in northern Mato Grosso State, Brazil, to detect the variability in family farms, aiming at the preservation and use potential of these genetic resources. A total of 120 M. esculenta individuals were evaluated at the rate of 40 per location (population), where each landrace was represented by 10 plants. The 14 microsatellite markers examined showed genetic diversity. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.621 and the average number of alleles per locus was seven. Genetic diversity parameters indicated that H o was higher than H e for the three populations, showing negative fixation indices and a lack of inbreeding. AMOVA revealed greater molecular variation within the populations (92%). Bayesian analysis and the ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 18 (3): gmr18315 E.C.M. Pedri et al. 2UPGMA clustering method resulted in two main groups formed with the individuals distributed randomly; i.e., regardless of collection site (location). The gene flow found in this study is a consequence of the introduction and exchange of genetic material (landraces) performed by the farmers, who act on their farms as maintainers of local diversity. Manihot esculenta cultivation in northern Mato Grosso State ensure the on-farm conservation of genetic variability of the species and constitutes a source of genetic resources such as genes of resistance and adaptation, which can be exploited and utilized in breeding programs.

were collected during the harvest season from December 2017 to January 2018. Twenty fruits of each genotype were selected; that were visually appealing, whole and without deformation, totaling 400 samples. We measured the length, width, thickness, weight, and volume of the fruits, the length, width, thickness and weight of the seed and the thickness and weight of the pulp. The data were obtained with a digital caliper and the degrees brix measured with a refractometer. Multivariate analyses were made with UPGMA hierarchical methods and Tocher optimization, using the standardized average Euclidean distance as a measure of dissimilarity, and principal components analysis (PCA). Four distinct groups were formed based on the data. The first three principal components explained 87.51% of the total variation. The brix measurement was the trait with the greatest contribution to the differentiation of the genotypes.

Resumo Diversidade genética de Hymenaea courbaril L na Amazônia mato-grossense: implicações para a conservação. Hymenaea courbaril L. é uma espécie arbórea, conhecida popularmente como jatobá. Sua madeira é bastante comercializada e produz frutos utilizados como recurso alimentar e medicinal. Esta espécie tem sido alvo da exploração madeireira e destruição de habitat. Conhecimentos acerca do polimorfismo genético são importantes para conservação de espécies afetadas pela ação antrópica. Neste estudo, analisou-se a diversidade genética de populações naturais de H. courbaril na Amazônia mato-grossense. Foram usados sete primers microssatélites para genotipar 43 indivíduos distribuídos em cinco populações na região norte do estado de Mato Grosso. Todos primers foram polimórficos, sendo detectados 72 alelos, com média de 10,29 por loco. As heterozigosidades esperada e observada apresentaram médias de 0,85 e 0,29 por loco, respectivamente. O índice de fixação foi positivo para todas as populações, sugerindo excesso de homozigotos, provavelmente por endogamia. A análise de variância molecular demonstrou que 85,33% da diversidade genética estão dentro das populações. Pelo dendrograma UPGMA, os indivíduos foram divididos em seis grupos. No agrupamento do programa Structure foram formados quatros grupos, os quais não corresponderam à distribuição geográfica dos indivíduos, indicando que as populações não estão estruturadas geograficamente. Todas as populações amostradas apresentam elevados níveis de diversidade genética, podendo ser utilizadas para projetos de conservação. A variação genética é maior dentro das populações analisadas, portanto vários indivíduos devem ser conservados por população.

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in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. For the extraction of total DNA, the CTAB method was used and the amplifications were performed using nine ISSR primers. The UPGMA clustering method, when compared with the Ward and Nearest Neighbor methods, best showed genetic diversity, and the Bayesian analysis defined two distinct groups in the Z. officinale germplasm that was evaluated. The ISSR primers amplified a total of 78 fragments and revealed 88% polymorphism. The PIC varied between 0.40 and 0.87, with an average of 0.70, and was classified as median in the detection of polymorphism. The most dissimilar individuals were AF06 and AF12, while the least dissimilar were AF06 and AF04. The Nei (He) and Shannon (I) diversity indices demonstrated genetic variability within the two groups formed from the Bayesian analysis, and AMOVA indicated that the genetic diversity was greater within the groups (53.06%) than among them (46.94%). The absence of duplicates among the individuals analyzed indicates that they can be used to form an active germplasm collection with the aim of conserving and maintaining the genetic diversity of the species.