ABSTRACT. The release of wheat cultivars with different nutritional demands and yield potential hinders generalized recommendations for nitrogen fertilization. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha -1 of N) on the agronomic performance of six wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) in two harvests. A randomized block factorial design with three replications was used. The response to fertilization levels was evaluated through AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) and GGE (Genotype main effects and Genotype x Environment interaction) biplot graphic methodologies and polynomial regression. There was genetic variability in response to nitrogen fertilization in the cultivars studied. The biggest increases in yield were observed under a more suitable water regime. The higher performance of yield components was associated with higher nitrogen fertilization levels.

Increasing the proportion of locally produced plant protein in currently meat-rich diets could substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions and loss of biodiversity1. However, plant protein production is hampered by the lack of a cool-season legume equivalent to soybean in agronomic value2. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has a high yield potential and is well suited for cultivation in temperate regions, but genomic resources are scarce. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the faba bean genome and show that it has expanded to a massive 13 Gb in size through an imbalance between the rates of amplification and elimination of retrotransposons and satellite repeats. Genes and recombination events are evenly dispersed across chromosomes and the gene space is remarkably compact considering the genome size, although with substantial copy number variation driven by tandem duplication. Demonstrating practical application of the genome sequence, we develop a targeted genotyping assay and use high-resolution genome-wide association analysis to dissect the genetic basis of seed size and hilum colour. The resources presented constitute a genomics-based breeding platform for faba bean, enabling breeders and geneticists to accelerate the improvement of sustainable protein production across the Mediterranean, subtropical and northern temperate agroecological zones.

The data analyzed in this study showed that the AMMI1 and GGE biplot methods are equivalent to rank genotypes for stability and adaptability.

ResumoPouco se sabe sobre os benefícios do cultivo de adubos verdes sobre o desempenho da cultura do trigo, cultivada em sucessão e, até que ponto, pode substituir ou reduzir a adubação nitrogenada mineral. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a produção e decomposição de matéria seca bem como o acúmulo e liberação de nutrientes de plantas de cobertura de solo (nabo forrageiro, ervilhaca comum, ervilha forrageira, tremoço e feijoeiro) e quantificar seus efeitos sobre o desempenho da cultura do trigo, cultivada em sucessão, sob diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada (sem adição de nitrogênio, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha -1 ). O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Pato Branco (PR), em duas safras agrícolas, em sistema de plantio direto. O nabo forrageiro e o tremoço acumularam as maiores quantidades de cálcio e potássio. A ervilha forrageira e o nabo forrageiro destacam-se pela produção de matéria seca, acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, bem como pela decomposição e liberação de nitrogênio para a cultura do trigo em estádios fenológicos de maior demanda deste nutriente. A relação C/N (superior a 40) dos restos culturais do milho e feijoeiro não possibilitou equilíbrio entre os processos de mineralização e imobilização. Os adubos verdes promoveram acréscimos significativos na produtividade de grãos em comparação ao pousio. Houve resposta do trigo à aplicação de nitrogênio mineral, e esta foi dependente da planta de cobertura antecessora.Palavras-chave: Triticum aestivum L., nabo forrageiro, tremoço, ervilha forrageira, ciclagem de nutrientes. Green manure and nitrogen fertilization in the spring wheat under no-tillage AbstractThere are few studies about the benefits of green manure on wheat performance grown in succession as source of nitrogen. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the dry matter production and nutrient accumulation in wheat and the dry matter decomposition and nutrient release of cover crops forage turnip, common vetch, forage pea, lupine and bean and quantify their effects over wheat crop performance sown in succession under different nitrogen rates (without N addition, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha -1 ). The experiment was carried out in Pato Branco (PR, Brazil) during two crop seasons in no-tillage system. Oilseed radish and lupine accumulated the largest amounts of calcium and potassium. Forage pea and oilseed radish stand out with the highest dry matter production, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium accumulation. Forage pea and oilseed radish also decomposed faster and released nitrogen to wheat at growth stages with high demand for this nutrient. The C/N ratio (above at 40) as evidenced by the maize straw and bean residue did not allow the adequate balance between mineralization and immobilization process. Cover crops promoted significant increases in wheat grain yield compared to fallow. There was a wheat response to mineral nitrogen rates, and this was dependent on the green manures cultivated before wheat.

ABSTRACT:The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is defined as the capacity of a given genotype in take advantage of the applied nitrogen (N) and transform it in biomass and grains. The objective of this study was to evaluate 12 wheat cultivars as to the NUE and its components. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment, in a randomized block design with three replications.