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Aims and objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the key findings of empirical studies assessing the influence of maternal depression on child attachment security measured before 24 months after birth. Method: The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. A literature search was conducted on the EBSCO (Academic Search Complete; Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; MEDLINE; PsycARTICLES) and PubMed databases, with infant attachment AND depression as search terms with Boolean operators. Study design or sample size did not affect inclusion. After screening, 29 of the 1510 unique publications originally identified were included in the review. Results: The studies reveal an equivocal association between maternal depression and child attachment security. Our findings indicate that depression had a significant influence on the attachment style almost only when diagnosed by structured interview: Depression measured by self-descriptive questionnaires was unrelated to attachment style. Furthermore, postpartum depression was found to be significant only when measured up to six months after childbirth. Conclusion: The relationship between maternal depression and infant attachment is both complex and dynamic, and the possible negative effects of depression might be compensated by maternal involvement in childcare. Therefore, further studies in this area should employ a reliable methodology for diagnosing depression and a suitable time point for measuring it; they should also adopt a multifactorial and prospective approach. It is important to note that breastfeeding/formula feeding was omitted as a factor in the majority of studies.To qualify for review, the studies were required to meet the following three inclusion criteria: (a) the study was empirical and published in an English-language peer reviewed journal from 1 January 1981 to 31 December 2018; (b) child attachment was assessed up to 24 months after birth; (c) the study assessed both maternal depression and child attachment style. Studies were included regardless of the study design or sample size.Articles were excluded if they were (a) non-empirical (such as reviews, commentaries, or letters to editors); (b) the child was older than 24 months when measuring attachment style; (c) the study assessed only mother-child bond; (d) the study assessed the efficacy of therapeutic intervention; (e) depression was not considered as a separate variable i.e., depression was aggregated into cumulative risk score, see: [32]. Research Strategy and Data ExtractionThe present review followed the guidelines given in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement [33], using a three-step procedure to identify relevant studies. A systematic search of literature was conducted on the following electronic databases: EBSCO (Academic Search Complete; Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; MEDLINE; PsycARTICLES) and PubMed. The search strategy compri...

The main purpose of the study was to investigate maternal prenatal attachment in Sweden and Poland, to analyse its diverse aspects, links to age, parity, planning and complications of pregnancy. Women in the third trimester of gestation filled in the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) and provided some demographic and medical data. Factor analyses were performed on PAI items for both samples and scores for samples' factors were compared using ANCOVA and two-way ANOVA. Correlates of attachment were examined with Pearson r and multiple regression analysis. Five factors were extracted which explained 53.9% (Swedish data) and 51.9% (Polish data) of variance. Items with the highest loading were similar in both samples. Total PAI scores given by Polish women were higher. Polish mothers gave scores that indicated more intense interactions with unborn children, they also more often shared their opinions about the baby with others. Swedish mothers more often attributed traits and showed affection. Swedish and Polish mothers showed evidence of fantasising about their unborn babies to a similar degree. Total PAI scores and factor scores were similar in planned and unplanned pregnancies. Polish mothers had lower total scores in complicated pregnancies and Swedish mothers in uncomplicated pregnancies. When both samples were analysed together the best predictors of attachment intensity were age and nationality, but they explained only 5.2% of variance in total scores. Despite several differences the findings indicate similarities in the way relationships with an unborn child are conceptualised by Swedish and Polish mothers.

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BackgroundAlthough breastfeeding is recommended by WHO and professionals as the most beneficial for newborn babies, many women find it challenging. Previous research yielded ambiguous results concerning the role of breastfeeding in the development of postpartum depression. The study aimed to identify the best predictors of depressive symptoms for each of these feeding method.MethodsThe participants were 151 women (mean age 29.4 yrs; SD = 4.5) who gave birth within the last 6 months and included 82 women classified as breastfeeding, 38 classified as mixed-feeding (breast and bottle), and 31 as formula-feeding. The study had a cross-sectional design using a web-based survey for data collection. The following measures were administered: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; Sense of Stress Questionnaire; The Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire; Parenting Sense of Competence Scale; Infant Feeding Questionnaire.ResultsWomen in study groups differed in stress, bonding difficulties, and beliefs related to feeding practices and infancy. There were no significant differences in the severity of depressive symptoms, but all mean EPDS scores were above 12. Maternal satisfaction, intrapsychic stress, and concerns about feeding on a schedule were the best predictors of EPDS scores for breastfeeding women. For mixed-feeding – emotional tension, concern about infant's hunger, overeating, and awareness of infant's hunger and satiety cues; while for the formula-feeding group, predictors included emotional tension, bonding difficulties, and such maternal feeding practices and beliefs as concern about undereating, awareness of infant's hunger and satiety cues, concerns about feeding on a schedule and social interaction with the infant during feeding.ConclusionDifferences in predictors of postpartum depression for study groups suggest that breastfeeding itself may not be a risk for postpartum depression. However, the specificity of maternal experiences with the various types of feeding is related to difficulties promoting postpartum depression. Providing emotional and educational support appropriate for different types of feeding may be an essential protective factor for postnatal depression.