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BackgroundStatus epilepticus (SE) is a severe condition that may lead to hippocampal cell loss and epileptogenesis. Some of the mechanisms associated with SE-induced cell death are excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis.ObjectiveThe objective of the present study is to test the hypothesis that DBS has anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects when applied during SE.MethodsRats undergoing pilocarpine-induced SE were treated with anterior thalamic nucleus (AN) deep brain stimulation (DBS). Inflammatory changes and caspase 3 activity were measured within 1 week of treatment.ResultsIn pilocarpine-treated rats, DBS countered the significant increase in hippocampal caspase 3 activity and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels that follows SE but had no effect on tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα).ConclusionsDBS has anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects when given to animals undergoing status.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0384-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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RESUMO As neoplasias das glândulas salivares são relativamente raras, compreendendo cerca de 1% das neoplasias de todo corpo, com incidência de 1/100.000 habitantes por ano. As neoplasias benignas predominam sobre as malignas. O prognóstico depende muito do tipo histológico, grau de diferenciação, localização, infiltração de tecidos vizinhos e da presença de metástases regionais ou a distância. O principal tratamento ainda é a cirurgia, com os seus desafios e dificuldades, devido aos ramos do nervo facial nas glândulas salivares maiores, seguido de radioterapia e em casos selecionados quimioterapia adjuvante. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer ao leitor uma abordagem histórica sobre o tratamento das doenças das glândulas salivares, com especial atenção às doenças da glândula parótida assim como peculiaridades associadas aqueles que as estudaram ao longo da história.

PURPOSE:The parotidectomy technique still has an elevated paresis and paralysis index, lowering patient life's quality. The correct identification of the facial nerve can prevent nerve damage. Fluorescent dye identifies nerves in experimental studies but only few articles focused its use on facial nerve study in parotidectomies. We aimed to stain the rat facial nerve with fluorescent dye to facilitate visualization and dissection in order to prevent injuries. METHODS:Forty adult male Wistar rats were submitted to facial injection of saline solution (Gsf-control group, 10) or fluorescent dye solution (Gdye group, 30) followed by parotidectomy preserving the facial nerve, measuring the time for localization and facility of localization (LocTime and LFN). Nerve function was assessed using the Vibrissae Movements (PMV) and Eyelid Closure Motion (PFP) scores. RESULTS:Nerve localization was faster in Gdye group, with 83% Easy LFN rate. The Gdye group presented with low nerve injury degree and better PMV and PFP scores, with high sensitivity and accuracy. CONCLUSIONS:This experimental method of facial nerve fluorescence was effective for intraoperative nerve visualization, identification and preservation. The technique may be used in future facial nerve studies, translated to humans, contributing to the optimization of parotid surgery in the near future.