Introduction: Intense research on dementia has been conducted during the last years. As advances in the field have started changing the landscape of dementia treatment, it is necessary to assess the impact of novel therapeutic modalities. Purpose: The current evidence about hypoxic – hyperoxic treatment for dementia is reviewed in this article. Methods: We conducted a thorough PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar search. Results: Preclinical and clinical data are available. Hypoxic – hyperoxic treatment is encouraged in the context of the multimodal treatment of dementia. There are concerns about the recovery of memory with regard to specific modalities of this treatment. Future perspectives are highlighted in the light of potentially useful biomarkers and health policy. Conclusion: While constant updates and further research is critical to understand the impact of hypoxic – hyperoxic treatment in dementia, the available studies are limited and, hence, research that is more extensive is necessary. Currently, it is important to assess the current state of knowledge highlighting the success but also the stalemates of this treatment
My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth: A neurochemical approach to neuroprogression in post-traumatic stress disorder Introduction: Neuroprogression has been defined as pathological reorganization of the central nervous system (CNS) along the course of severe psychiatric disorders. Ιn the context of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), stress affects neural substrate reactivity and promotes brain rewiring resulting in symptoms expression and increased vulnerability to adversity. While PTSD has a lifetime prevalence of 8% in the general population, its neurochemical basis is yet to be discussed. This review examines the current evidence supporting the PTSD neuroprogression hypothesis focusing on neurochemical biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Methods: Mechanistic and clinical studies focusing on molecules mediating neuroprogression in PTSD are summarized based on PubMed/MEDLINE search and relevant articles, which have been presented at international conferences. Original, peer-reviewed studies and systematic reviews in English were included. Results: The biological underpinnings of neuroprogression in PTSD involve cross talk between the stress and immune systems. Elevated levels of circulating peripheral IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, and interferon ϒ have been identified in previous studies. The landscape of neuroprogression in PTSD involves chronic sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) hyperarousal glutamatergic excitotoxicity, alterations in neuropeptide Y (NPY) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and underactivity of the parasympathetic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic system. Their involvement appears linked to the progression from PTSD to mental or physical conditions Conclusions: The neuroprogression hypothesis is leading to the re-conceptualization of PTSD as a potentially progressive psychiatric disorder with a corollary of medical implications. In this frame identifying involved molecules that can serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets is of high importance.
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