Purpose: To determine the psychometric properties of the 11-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) in patients with heterogeneous chronic pain. Methods: The study evaluated test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient), cross-sectional convergent construct validity (Pearson productmoment correlation between TSK-11 and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS] scores at admission), and sensitivity to change of the TSK-11 (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve) in patients (n ¼ 74) with heterogeneous chronic pain. We used two data sets (retrospective, n ¼ 56; prospective, n ¼ 18). All patients attended the 4-week interdisciplinary chronic pain management programme at Chedoke Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario. Results: The test-retest reliability of the TSK-11 was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.58-0.93), the standard error of measurement was 2.41 (90% CI, 1.47-2.49), and the minimal detectible change score was 5.6. The correlation between TSK-11 and PCS at admission was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.43-0.73). The area under the ROC curve was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.57-0.88). Conclusions: The study results provide evidence for the test-retest reliability, cross-sectional convergent construct validity, and sensitivity to change of the TSK-11 in a population with heterogeneous chronic pain.Key Words: chronic pain; pain management; reproducibility of results; Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). RÉ SUMÉObjectif : Dé terminer les proprié té s psychomé triques des 11 jalons de l'é chelle de Tampa de kiné siophobie (TSK-11) chez les patients avec douleur chronique hé té rogè ne. Mé thode : L'é tude actuelle a é valué la fiabilité test-retest (coefficient de corré lation intraclasse), la validité du construit et la validité convergente croisé e (corré lation de Pearson produit-moment entre le score de la TSK-11 et celui de l'é chelle des pensé es catastrophiques (PCS) à l'admission et la sensibilité au changement de la TSK-11 (section situé e sous la courbe ROC (caracté ristique de fonctionnement du ré cepteur) chez les patients (n ¼ 74) avec douleur chronique hé té rogè ne. Nous avons utilisé deux ensembles de donné es ré colté es de fac¸on ré trospective (n ¼ 56) et prospective (n ¼ 18). Tous les patients ont suivi le programme interdisciplinaire de quatre semaines pour la gestion de la douleur chronique de l'hô pital Chedoke du Hamilton Health Sciences. Ré sultats : La fiabilité test-retest de la TSK-11 é tait de 0,81 (IC de 95 %, 0,58-0,93), l'erreur de mesure normale é tait de 2,41 (IC de 90 %, 1,47-2,49) et le changement de score minimal dé tectable é tait de 5,6. La corré lation entre la TSK-11 et la PCS à l'admission é tait de 0,60 (IC de 95 %, 0,73). La section situé sous la courbe ROC é tait de 0,73 (IC de 95 %,. Conclusions : Les ré sultats de l'é tude font la preuve de la fiabilité test-retest, de la validité du construit et de la validité convergente croisé e et de la sensibilité au changement dans la TSK-11 chez une population aux prises avec de la douleur chronique hé té rogè n...
Changes in pain sensitivity throughout the menstrual cycle were assessed in 36 normally menstruating women and 30 users of oral contraceptives. Pain sensitivity was measured with palpation of rheumatological tender points and with pressure dolorimetry. The number of tender points identified by palpation was greater in the follicular (postmenstrual) phase of the cycle as compared to the luteal (intermenstrual) phase in normally cycling women but not in users of oral contraceptives. These findings are related to previously described physiological and psychological features of the menstrual cycle, with particular emphasis on the role of hormonal events in modulating pain perception, particularly in musculoskeletal disorders such as fibromyalgia.
Pain responses (threshold, tolerance, and visual analog ratings) to the cold pressor task were studied in 46 normally menstruating dysmenorrheic and non-dysmenorrheic women during 2 phases of the menstrual cycle. Twenty-six women provided measurements during the follicular (days 8-14) and 20 during the luteal (days 15-21) phases of the menstrual cycle. A significantly lower pain threshold was obtained during the luteal as compared to the follicular phase. Pain tolerance showed a similar but non-significant trend. Visual analog ratings were significantly lower in dysmenorrheic women during the follicular than the luteal phase. Also, these ratings were lower than those of non-dysmenorrheic women in the follicular phase. This finding may support an adaptation-levels model, in that dysmenorrheic women report less pain than do non-dysmenorrheic women because they compare cold pressor pain with internal menstrual pain.
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