Recent research has fueled a debate concerning the role of nicotine in the emergence of schizophrenia. The three main hypotheses are: (a) the self-medication effect, (b) the causal relationship hypothesis, or (c) the shared diathesis hypothesis. To explore this role, the study of nicotine consumption during the initial prodromal phase of schizophrenia offers important opportunities. In the present work, 10 relevant studies are reviewed, out of 727 retrieved citations, in order to address questions regarding the prevalence of smoking in the prodromal period, the time of smoking initiation, existing patterns of tobacco use in relation with the escalation of prodromal symptoms into first psychotic episode, and potential differences in symptomatology between smokers and nonsmokers. Even though there was considerable heterogeneity among studies, relevant findings are discussed. Prevalence of nicotine use during the prodromal period was reported to be 16.6–46%. Tobacco use was found to be taken up most often before or during the prodromal period of schizophrenia. Even though a protective role of smoking has been reported by one study, other studies report an increased risk for psychosis, with hazard ratios 2.77 (95% CI: 2.34–3.43) and 2.21 (95% CI: 1.11–4.42) for female and male heavy smokers (11–20 and >20 cigarettes/day), respectively. In a different study, the risk of onset was associated with the progressive use of cannabis and tobacco prior to onset, particularly with rapid escalation to the highest levels of use. Also, nicotine use in ultra high risk (UHR) for developing psychosis subjects is associated with elevated cognitive performance, namely better processing speed, visual learning, and spatial working memory. As a conclusion, it appears that evidence accumulates supporting a possible etiologic role of smoking, in the emergence of schizophrenia along with diverse effects on patients’ symptomatology, already demonstrable at the prodromal phase. Future research employing better-defined criteria should further explore the patterns of use and effects of nicotine during the schizophrenia prodrome.

Objective The aim of this article was to describe the results of a literature review focused on identifying the social care practices, characteristics, and trends in each country participating in the TEC-MED European Project. The review also centred on the most promising initiatives directed towards the dependent elderly and/or those at risk of social exclusion in the Mediterranean Basin countries.Method The study was conducted in two phases to achieve both the integrative literature review goal and a qualitative research consensus among the research team based on the documents found in the literature. The integrative review identified 10,940 documents between 2000 and 2019. A total of 10,107 documents were found in the Scopus, Pubmed and Cochrane library official databases and 833 from other sources. The 20 most promising initiatives were selected from the 347 articles finally included.Results To be successful, the model of socio-ethical care for older people who are dependent and/or at risk of social exclusion must be based on person-centred integrative care and follow a holistic and interdisciplinary approach, paying special attention to bio-psycho-social frailty. The elements to consider are as follow: quality, research and dissemination, the gender perspective, ethics, social inclusion and transcultural issues.Conclusion The social practices in the Mediterranean Basin and the 20 most promising initiatives shared common aspects that served as a basis to design the TECMED model.