Most coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs contain moisture that can have an impact on adsorption and diffusion of CBM, so moisture content is an important factor that affects CBM production. CO2 can be used to improve CBM production on site. Combined with these two points, regulations of CH4 adsorption and diffusion are sought under different conditions when CO2 is injected into coal seams with moisture. Slit pores with different moisture contents (1%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) and random models are established. Molecular simulations are carried out, respectively, from 0 MPa to 10 MPa at 293.15, 303.15, and 313.15 K. Relative to CO2, the interaction of CH4 and −C–C– is weaker, indicating that CO2 can adsorb more steadily on the surface of coal. Water molecules preferentially adsorb on the oxygen functional groups, and then water molecules adsorb each other with hydrogen bonding to form clusters that can interfere with the adsorption and diffusion of CO2 and CH4. Because of the influence of functional groups, hydrogen bonding, and micropore filling, the adsorption capacity of H2O can increase steeply at very low pressure. The phenomenon is not beneficial to the CBM exploitation.
Humoral and cellular factors of natural resistance of animals are represented by diverse proteins, peptides, lysosomal enzymes, and immunocompetent cells contained in blood. The natural resistance factors possessing antimicrobial properties additionally activate the other humoral and cellular immunity mechanisms. The natural resistance system formed during the process of evolution and microevolution of domesticated animals determines their fitness to biotic and abiotic stresses caused by the action of pathogens, unfavorable natural-climatic conditions that is most importantly for animals under all-year-round pasture keeping conditions. The landscapes of the Republic of Tuva are mountainous; this is a territory with sharply continental climate, frosts of down to 50 С in winters, cool summer in highlands and hot in depressions. Nevertheless, the region is thought favorable for rearing native breeds of horses (Equus ferus caballus), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), and highland yaks (Poephagus grunniens), which are well fit to such complex conditions. Of the species listed, only the yaks were earlier studied with regard to evaluating the state of their cellular and humoral immunity. A comparative study on natural resistance parameters in native Tuvinian horses, highland yaks, Tuvinian short-fat-tailed sheep and goats of Tuvinian population was performed by us for the first time. The evaluation of humoral and cellular factors of natural resistance revealed specific distinctions. Thus, the native Tuvinian horses are superior to goats of Tuvinian population and Tuvinian short-fat-tailed sheep in phagocytosis activity as much as 1.38 and 1.43 times, respectively (P < 0.001). The maximum phagocytal index was observed in horses of native breeds (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01). Highland yaks showed parameters of phagocytosis activity and phagocytal index higher than those in goats and sheep (P < 0.001). The determination of the content of lysosomal-cationic proteins showed interspecific distinctions, which were most expressed in native Tuvinian horses and highland yaks. Concentration of lysosomal-cationic proteins in blood serum of horses and yaks was characterized by the maximum values, while this index in goats and sheep was lower (P < 0.001). Positive correlation (r = 0.86-0.98) between phagocytosis activity, phagocytal index and the level of lysosomal-cationic proteins was found to be in the all animals studied. It should be noted that the data from available literary sources on such a relationship in agricultural animals are extremely limited. We also revealed interspecific diversity in the content of immunoglobulins of primary isotypes (IgG, IgM, IgA), the high values of which were observed in goats and sheep.
Tyva horse breed is one of the most promising local breeds of universal use. Tyva horses are well adapted to year-round pasture grazing, resistant to disease, and, therefore, suitable for lowcost meat production. Due to relatively isolated location of the population which has ancient origin uva horses are undoubtedly of interest both genetically and evolutionarily. For allele pool study we sampled blood (n = 32) and hair (n = 35) specimens from Tyva horses reared at two farms of Tyva Research Institute of Agriculture in 2009-2016. Genetic analysis was carried out according to the authority certified by ISAG (International Society of Animal Genetics). The study of polymorphic blood system and microsatellite DNA loci showed the Tyva horses to be fairly high genetically diverse on structural genes and microsatellite DNA. High polymorphism was found in Tf, Al, Es loci and especially in D system of blood groups. D cgm , D bcm and D d alleles were comparatively highfrequent, while Da d , D de and D dk were relatively rare. As to microsatellite DNA polymorphism, there were 113 alleles in 17 loci (6.65 alleles per locus on average), indicating high genetic diversity in the Tyva horse breed. Amon the microsatellite DNA loci found, VHLP, АНТ4P, HMS7J, ASB23 L, ASB2B, HMS3 N, ASB17Q, LEX3K, LEX3P, HMS1I, HMS1N and HMS1R were rare, of which HMS1R was unique as not found in horses of European origin (L.H.P. Van de Goor et al., 2010). There were from 4 to 9 alleles in the studied microsatellite loci, and the average number of effective allele per locus (A e) made 4.20 being rather high even for local breeds. Loci ASB17 (10 alleles), АНТ4 (9 alleles), VHL20 (9 alleles), ASB2 (9 alleles) and ASB23 (8 alleles) were the most diverse. The genetic population analysis demonstrated good correspondence between the observed (H o = 0.748) and the expected (H e = 0.742) heterozygosis level and the absence of inbreeding (F IS = 0.008) in the Tyva horses. The highest similarity was found out between Tyva horse and Khakass horse (0.823), and also between Tyva horse and Mongolian horse (0.822) which areas border on the South and SouthEast. The data of whole genome association analysis (J.R. Mickelsn et al., 2012) are also in line with genetic distance that we calculated based on 17 microsatellite loci polymorphism. The visualized dendrogramm indicated common origin of the Tyva and Mongolian horses, which make a common branch in the evolutionary tree of horse breeds. Our findings indicate a high level of genetic plasticity of Tyva horses promising for breeding. In general, we can conclude that the studied population of Tyva horses is characterized by the original allele pool, including a number of rare alleles that must be preserved in the breed at rearing and genetic improvement.
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