Одной из особенностей современной системы международных отношений в контексте усиления глоба- лизации выступают интенсификация миграционных процессов, усложнение структуры миграционных потоков. По сравнению с миграционным кризисом, случившимся в странах Центральной Европы, ситуация в Северной Европе выглядит несколько оптимистичнее. Тем не менее, как показывают данные официальной статистики, число прибывающих мигрантов увеличивается с каждым годом, что создает дополнительную нагрузку на социальные институты общества, усиливает напряженность. Еще одной проблемой становится образование национальных анклавов на территории стран-реципиентов. Для исследования были выбраны страны, входящие в регион Северной Европы: Дания, Швеция, Исландия, Норвегия, Финляндия. Данные государства входят в рейтинг «самых счастливых» стран и привлекают мигрантов высоким уровнем жизни. Но их географическое положение делает их чуть менее привлекательными, чем страны Центральной Европы. Анализ мероприятий, осуществляемых в рамках миграционной политики, показывает, что государства Северной Европы реализуют разные подходы к решению миграционного вопроса. Наиболее жесткую модель миграционной политики демонстрируют Дания и Норвегия, наиболее мягкую – Швеция и Финляндия. Исландия, в силу своего географического положения, в меньшей степени сталкивается с проблемами в области миграции и демонстрирует весьма лояльную политику в отношении мигрантов. Скандинавские страны долгое время находились перед выбором: с одной стороны, существовала и продолжает сохраняться потребность в рабочей силе, с другой – приток огромного количества мигрантов является угрозой стабильности государства. Миграционный кризис в Европе, достигший своего пика в 2015 г., вынудил страны с «мягким» миграционным законодательством принимать меры в сторону ужесточения контроля над миграционными потоками.
The authors consider in the article the issue of ensuring transport security in Russia both from the standpoint of the lack of an appropriate approach to formation of educational programs for the training of legal personnel that can meet the “challenges” of scientific and technological progress, and the need for increased attention to the trends of modern scientific research, which serve as a basis for formation of a legislative framework aimed at regulating public relations in the field of fighting crime in this industry. The issue of formation of human resources corresponding to a high level of professionalism, rationality, competence and mobility is indicated by the rapid “complication” of crime in the field of transport infrastructure caused by the development of IT technologies and introduction of robotic controls based on the work of artificial intelligence. One of the solutions to the problem identified by the authors should be creation and implementation of a new training course, the conceptual basis of which should be built on the principle of a modular system, but combine the existing traditional approaches of legal education in order to prepare competitive personnel that can meet the “intellectual challenges” of modern reality, which is a direct reflection of connection between science and knowledge (Scientia est potentia). The publication was prepared as part of the implementation of the state task for 2020. “Transformation of private and public law in the conditions of an evolving individual, society and state” (No. 0851-2020-0033).
Problems of ensuring health safety and environmental protection both in separate regions of the country and in the whole Russian territory are directly connected with solving the issues of humanity’s use of the most environmentally “sparing” means of management if we speak about transport industry, which belongs to the category of the most demanded among civil population on one hand, and the most influential on the condition of atmospheric environment pollution on the other. It is believed that one of the most optimal solutions in this area (in terms of the reduction of gas emissions and economic efficiency) is the transition of modern automakers to unmanned vehicles and eco-cars, many of which can already allow the complete elimination of driver participation in the driving of the car. By 2030, the transition to such vehicles will become quite commonplace, at a time when a decade ago the current reality, born of an active leap in the development of scientific and technological progress, seemed fantastic. However, while pursuing well-intentioned goals, such as those related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of unmanned electric vehicles, there are a number of related problems that have not yet found their solution, mostly related to the quality of the legal torts.
This paper describes the problem of the labor migrant's employment economic efficiency impact on the Russian national economy. The purpose of this study is to identify the contradiction between the micro and macro levels in an economy using migrants' labor, whose qualification is lower than the local employees'. It is emphasized that the benefits, obtained by the business in the process of hiring a cheaper labor force, make it possible to reduce the production costs due to lower wages of these workers and to increase the competitiveness of the production. At the same time, this leads to the employer's disinterest in the introduction of new technologies, thus hindering the growth of labor productivity at Russian enterprises. At the macroeconomic level, this is reflected in the rate of economic growth, its compliance with modern requirements of hightech production. These contradictions lead to the effect of a "migration trap" in which the national economy is entering. To identify the economic benefits of using migrant labor at the macroeconomic level, the study provides statistically valid calculation of the share of the GDP produced by the migrants in the Russian economy, revenues and expenses of the state budget to address the problems conjugated with using of foreign labor. The findings suggest lack of effective use of migrant labor in the Russian economy. Having carried out all the calculations the authors faced with limited statistical accounting of some indicators alongside with the need of an expert estimating, that introduces variability in the calculations being made. Keywords: labor migration; tax payments; the share of the GDP produced by migrants; incomes and losses of the state budget in the process of using foreign labor. JEL code: J6 The current status of the problem The development of economic ties between countries, the transfer of capital, knowledge and skills to organize production processes, is accompanied by increasing migration of the population in search of more profitable places and spheres of employment. The UN data on international migration show that if migrants made up to 2.8% of all people living on the planet in 2000, by 2015 this number rose to 3.3%.(see International Migration Report 2015). In absolute terms, the development of migration processes looks even more impressive: according to the international statistics in 2013 the total number of migrants was 232 million people, and in 2015 this figure already increased up to 244 million people (see International Migration Report 2015). At the same time Russia is one of the leaders among the countries that are attractive for migrants.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.