Currently, there is a steady increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the global population, which causes an increase in maternal and perinatal mortality. Children born to mothers with DM have a high risk of not only congenital abnormalities, but also cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in later life. Fetal growth is determined by both the metabolic and nutritional status of the mother, and the placental nutrient transfer capacity. Pregnancy complicated by DM is associated not only with overgrowth of the fetus, but also with the excess deposition of metabolites in the placenta. The role of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, obesity and other factors in relation to the function of the placenta and fetal growth remains not fully understood. This review provides an overview of the literature on the placental complex status in pregnancy complicated by obesity, as well as pre-gestational and gestational types of DM. The focus is on three key substrates in these conditions: glucose, lipids, and amino acids, and their influence on placental metabolic activity and on the fetus. Improved knowledge of morphology and understanding of changes in the function of the placenta that lead to abnormal growth of the fetus will allow for the development of new therapeutic approaches to improve the outcomes of pregnancy, maternal and child health.
Hypothesis/aims of study. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an increased risk of obstetric complications, including preterm birth (PB). The incidence rate of PB in women with DM is higher than in the general population and amounts to 3040%. Nevertheless, there are still open questions on the structure of PB, pharmacological approaches to its prevention and treatment, as well as the feasibility of prolonging the timing of glucocorticoid therapy to reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to research the features of structure and clinical approaches in the case of PB in women with different types of DM, based on a literature review. Study design, materials and methods. The study was performed using literature search, screening, data extraction, and analysis of publications collected in world databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, and Cochrane. Results. The rate of PB is the highest in women with pregestational DM: 2130% in type 1 DM and 1940% in type 2 DM. The incidence of PB in gestational DM (710%) is almost equal to the general population level (79%) and depends on the type of diabetes therapy: insulin 16%, diet 7%. Risk factors for PB in women with DM are poor glycaemic control, microvascular complications of DM, hypertension, obesity, infection, age, fetal macrosomia, polyhydramnios, and congenital malformations. Adequate glycemic control from early gestation is an important condition for PB prevention. The structure of PB in patients with pregestational DM changes due to an increase in both spontaneous and induced PB proportions. The most common indications for early delivery in DM are preeclampsia, premature placental abruption, impaired renal function in diabetic nephropathy, severe forms of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, diabetic fetopathy, and fetal distress. The risk of fetal respiratory distress syndrome in newborns of mothers with DM is higher than in the general population. The maturity of the lungs of a newborn may be insufficient, even in the case of term delivery. The use of antenatal corticosteroids is effective prophylaxis of respiratory disorders. However, these corticosteroids can increase the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia. Conclusion. Despite the term weight and height, the newborn of a mother with DM may remain immature, therefore, delivery at term is recommended. The gestational age, until which it is advisable to prescribe corticosteroids for pregnant women with DM, and the mode of delivery in the case of PB, remain a matter of debate.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a condition associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, preterm birth, placental insufficiency, congenital malformations, and perinatal mortality. Diabetes mellitus combined with cardiovascular diseases in women during pregnancy often leads to hypertensive disorders and pre-eclampsia. The severity of the microvascular diabetic complications and frequency of hypoglycemic episodes, particularly in early pregnancy, are related to the risk of pre-eclampsia. We report the case of pregnancy and delivery of a live newborn in a 42-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus, pre-existing hypertension, heritable thrombophilia, and antiphospholipid syndrome. She had a 40-year history of type 1 diabetes mellitus with well-controlled diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. The woman had been receiving continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy for the last five years, which allowed maintaining an appropriate glycemic control during pregnancy. Multidisciplinary supervision of course of pregnancy was carried out from the pre-gravidity stage until delivery and postpartum. In spite of the severe pre-eclampsia and preterm delivery by cesarean section at 36 weeks, she and newborn could avoid the intensive unit care and discharge from perinatal center without any complications.
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