The anisotropy of brain white matter microstructure manifests itself in orientational-dependence of various MRI contrasts, and can result in significant quantification biases if ignored. Understanding the origins of this orientation-dependence could enhance the interpretation of MRI signal changes in development, ageing and disease and ultimately improve clinical diagnosis. Using a novel experimental setup, this work studies the contributions of the intra- and extra-axonal water to the orientation-dependence of one of the most clinically-studied parameters, apparent transverse relaxation . Specifically, a tiltable receive coil is interfaced with an ultra-strong gradient MRI scanner to acquire multidimensional MRI data with an unprecedented range of acquisition parameters. Using this setup, compartmental can be disentangled based on differences in diffusional-anisotropy, and its orientation-dependence further elucidated by re-orienting the head with respect to the main magnetic field . A dependence of (compartmental) on the fibre orientation w.r.t. was observed, and further quantified using characteristic representations for susceptibility- and magic angle effects. Across white matter, anisotropy effects were dominated by the extra-axonal water signal, while the intra-axonal water signal decay varied less with fibre-orientation. Moreover, the results suggest that the stronger extra-axonal orientation-dependence is dominated by magnetic susceptibility effects (presumably from the myelin sheath) while the weaker intra-axonal orientation-dependence may be driven by a combination of microstructural effects. Even though the current design of the tiltable coil only offers a modest range of angles, the results demonstrate an overall effect of tilt and serve as a proof-of-concept motivating further hardware development to facilitate experiments that explore orientational anisotropy. These observations have the potential to lead to white matter microstructural models with increased compartmental sensitivity to disease, and can have direct consequences for longitudinal and group-wise - and diffusion-MRI data analysis, where the effect of head-orientation in the scanner is commonly ignored.

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Highlights Gradient-echo data were acquired from premanifest HD patients in the callosum at 7 T. Reproducibility of multi-compartment analysis across callosal areas was assessed. Reduced myelin water signal fraction (f m ) in HD patients suggested myelin breakdown. Executive function correlated with callosal f m values in HD patients. The reported approach may aid understanding of HD pathogenesis and progression.

White matter (WM) alterations have been identified as a relevant pathological feature of Huntington's disease (HD). Increasing evidence suggests that WM changes in this disorder are due to alterations in myelin-associated biological processes. Multi-compartmental analysis of the complex gradient-echo MRI signal evolution in WM has been shown to quantify myelin in vivo, therefore pointing to the potential of this technique for the study of WM myelin changes in health and disease. This study first characterized the reproducibility of metrics derived from the complex multi-echo gradient-recalled echo (mGRE) signal across the corpus callosum in healthy participants, finding highest reproducibility in the posterior callosal segment. Subsequently, the same analysis pipeline was applied in this callosal region in a sample of premanifest HD patients (n = 19) and age, sex and education matched healthy controls (n = 21). In particular, we focused on two myelin-associated derivatives: i. the myelin water signal fraction (fm), a parameter dependent on myelin content; and ii. the difference in frequency between myelin and intra-axonal water pools (Δω), a parameter dependent on the ratio between the inner and the outer axonal radii. fm was found to be lower in HD patients (β = -0.13, p = 0.03), while Δω did not show a group effect. Performance in tests of working memory, executive function, social cognition and movement was also assessed, and a greater age-related decline in executive function was detected in HD patients (β = -0.06, p = 0.006), replicating previous evidence of executive dysfunction in HD. Finally, the correlation between fm, executive function, and proximity to disease onset was explored in patients, and a positive correlation between executive function and fm was detected (r = 0.542; p = 0.02). This study emphasises the potential of complex mGRE signal analysis for aiding understanding of HD pathogenesis and progression. Moreover, expanding on evidence from pathology and animal studies, it provides novel in vivo evidence supporting myelin breakdown as an early feature of HD.

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The anisotropic microstructure of white matter is reflected in various MRI contrasts. Transverse relaxation rates can be probed as a function of fibre-orientation with respect to the main magnetic field, while diffusion properties are probed as a function of fibre-orientation with respect to an encoding gradient. While the latter is easy to obtain by varying the orientation of the gradient, as the magnetic field is fixed, obtaining the former requires re-orienting the head. In this work we deployed a tiltable RF-coil to study $$T_2$$ T 2 - and diffusional anisotropy of the brain white matter simultaneously in diffusion-$$T_2$$ T 2 correlation experiments.

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Recently observed anisotropy of compartmental white matter T2-values as a function of tissue orientation w.r.t. B0 in combination with echo-time-dependence of diffusion MRI signals suggest that similar tissue-orientational effects could be expected in standard diffusion tensor measures. In this work we show the change of up to 20-30% in diffusion tensor measures as a function of fibre orientation w.r.t. B0 from in vivo experiments and support these observations by simplified two-compartment white matter signal simulations.