Vulvodynia is a clinical syndrome that may include unexplained vulvar pain, sexual dysfunction, and psychological disability. It is a multifactorial syndrome that should be diagnosed, if possible, with an intradisciplinary approach. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of vulvodynia, starting with a summary of the complex nervous system within the pelvis. Different clinical pictures and different subtypes of the syndrome have been described in order to identify the etiologic aspects that are essential for diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Clinical evaluation should stress attention to detailed "pain-mapping" and evaluation of past and present history. The gynecological examination should be an overall patient evaluation, incorporating global physical impression, change in posture due to pain and careful examination of the pelvic floor. Examination of the pelvic floor is frequently omitted. Leading to an incorrect diagnosis of psychogenic pain. Such a misdiagnosis can result in the dismissal of appropriate treatment. Proper evaluation requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that includes medical, rehabilitative, and psychological issues.
Aim of study: We investigated the combined effect of seed mass and number of cotyledons on the seed germination of Pinus sylvestris var. iberica (Iberian Scots pine) in simulated fire conditions.Material and Methods: We used 3,600 fresh seeds extracted from 158 cones obtained from 10 pine trees located at the Biological Station of the Complutense University (Guadarrama mountains, Madrid region). All the seeds were individually weighed and assigned to one of the two following seed mass classes: class I (1.6-12.5 mg) and class II (12.6-145.0 mg). Germination capacity (GC) and mean germination time (MGT) were studied in combined experiments of four different temperatures (100°, 125°, 150° and 175°C) and two exposure times (1 and 5 minutes) together with a control (no treatment). Four replicates of 50 seeds each were used for each treatment and hydrated daily for 14 days to germinate under constant illumination. The number of cotyledons was counted in seedlings.Main results: Germination was depressed at above 125°C for 5 min. GC and MGT were negatively related, and were influenced by temperature and exposure time. Seed mass was found to have a significant effect on GC at some moderate heat treatment but not on MGT. The number of cotyledons was positively correlated to seed mass but there was not found correlated with germination after seed heat treatments.Research highlights: In the case of the Iberian Scots pine, higher seed mass mitigate the negative effects of temperature on seed germination after moderate heat treatment simulating fire.Keywords: Fire disturbance; germination; Mediterranean mountains; Pinus sylvestris L. var. Iberica; temperature.
Italiano. Il presente lavoro si occupa di indagare gli effetti che l’esposizione e l’altitudine esercitano sulle formazioni erbacee ed arbustive della Val Varrone, valle prealpina orientale del bacino imbrifero del lago di Como. Tramite cluster analysis sono stati caratterizzati 6 aggruppamenti vegetali attribuibili a 6 associazioni fitosociologiche. Gli aggruppamenti sono stati poi caratterizzati dal punto di vista ecologico, d’accordo con i parametri di Landolt. Dall’analisi dell’assolazione, tramite la formula di Bartorelli, le comunità vegetali vengono distribuite spazialmente nel territorio. L’associazione Centaureo –Arrhenatheretum è diffusa a basse quote principalmente su versanti con esposizione meridionale. L’associazione Festucetum variae, invece, è stata rilevata ad altitudini piú elevate, sempre con esposizione sud. In corrispondenza della fascia intermedia, l’associazione Homogyno alpinae-Nardetum presenta la maggior ampiezza altitudinale, le associazioni Rumicetum alpinii e Alnetum viridis prediligono fasce altitudinali meno ampie, mentre l’associazione Vaccinio-Rhododendretum ferrugineum cresce su pendii ripidi. La vegetazione seriale delle Alpi Orobie (lato orientale del lago di Como) risulta essere simile a quella dell’Alto Lario Occidentale (lato occidentale).English. The aim of this work is to seek the influence of certain geographical factors such as elevation and exposition on herbaceous and shrub vegetation in Val Varrone, a pre-alpine eastern valley of Como Lake drainage basin. Through cluster analysis were identified 6 vegetation groups, referable to 6 phytosociological associations. They were ecologically characterized according to Landolt parameters. Insolation analysis based on Bartorelli formulae revealed that vegetation types are spatially distributed in the area. The CentaureoArrhenatheretum association occurs at the lower altitudes, mainly on slopes with southern exposure. The Festucetum variae association, however, was found at higher altitudes, always facing south. At the mid-range, the Homogyno alpinae-Nardetum association presents the widest altitude, both the Rumicetum alpinii and Alnetum viridis associations prefer altitudinal belts less extensive, and finally the Vaccinio-Rhododendretum ferrugineum association grows on steep slopes. The vegetation of serial Orobie Alps (the eastern side of Como Lake) appears to be similar to the Alto Lario (west side).
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