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The paper describes the structure and functional aspects of the electronic herbarium system with a web interface developed at the Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS (BGI) in 2016-2017. The main purpose of the system is to provide online access to the herbarium data, including online search operations and the facilities to enter new records into the herbarium database and to generate labels for specimens. The system is therefore multipurpose. It is primarily written in the Python programming language and has several key features: a two step validation process of digitized herbarium records, multi-user and multi-acronym support, semi-automatic herbarium sheet labelling based on entered data, handling of multispecies herbarium records (e.g. cryptogams), flexible taxon-level search and filtering within geographical areas via a web interface or automated search engine relying on HTTP API. The current system is actively used to manage a digital herbarium at the BGI, including its departments in Sakhalin and Amur Branches. The system can be used as well to integrate herbarium information from many other collections. Наз на-чение сис те мы -обеспечить онлайн доступ к гербарным данным, вклю чая базовые опе рации поиска и внесения записей в гербарную базу, а также соз дание макетов этикеток для гербарных образцов. Таким образом, систе-ма управления электронным гербарием представляет собой многоцелевой про грам мный комплекс. Она написана преимущественно на языке про-граммирования Python и обладает следующими возможностями: двухэтап-ным контролем оцифрованных гербарных образцов, поддержкой одновре-мен ной ра боты нескольких пользователей и управления несколькими гер ба рия ми с различными акронимами, полуавтоматической подсистемой эти ке тиро ва ния образцов, а также возможностью введения информации о мно гови до вых сборах (например, споровых), гибким поиском и фильтра-ци ей его ре зультатов, в том числе по географическим областям, с исполь-зо ванием как web-интерфейса, так и поисковых возможностей на основе HTTP API. Дан ная система используется для управления электронным гер-ба рием в БСИ, включая его Сахалинский и Амурский филиалы. Система так же может использоваться для интеграции гербарной информации кол-лек ций других учреждений.

Tropical cyclones (hurricanes and typhoons) cause large-scale disturbances in forest ecosystems all over the world. In the summer of 2016, a strong tropical cyclone named Lionrock created windthrow patches in the area of more than 400 km 2 on the forested eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin Range, in the Russian Far East. Such large-scale forest destruction by wind had never been recorded in the area prior to this event. We examined the tropical cyclone impact upon the forest composition, structure and tree mortality rates on two study sites (1 ha and 0.5 ha in size)-a contiguous windthrow patch site, and a site with partial canopy damage. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold and Zucc.), Manchurian fir (Abies nephrolepis Trautv.) and Dahurian larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr.) were the primary tree species represented in the affected forest communities. Combined with the partial canopy damage, 7.7% of trees were blown down by the disturbance event. We determined that this one event mortality rate nearly equaled the average mortality rate for a ten year period for these forests (8.5 ± 4.0%) under normal conditions (no large-scale disturbances). Within a contiguous windthrow patch, tree mortality was determined to be 52.6%, which is significantly higher than the cumulative tree loss for the previous 50 years (42.4%). A substantial portion of thinner-stemmed trees (DBH (diameter measured at breast height) < 30 cm) were wind snapped, and those with larger diameters (DBH > 60 cm) were uprooted. Our results indicate that the probability of tree loss due to catastrophic wind loads increases as a result of the decrease in local density. We believe that tree loss estimates should include the impacts within contiguous patches of windthrows, as well as the patches with only partial tree canopy damage. Strong wind impact forecasting is possible with accounting for species composition within the stand sites and their spatial structure.

Scrophularia takesimensis is a critically endangered endemic species of Ulleung Island, Korea. A previous molecular phylogenetic study based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with very limited sampling suggested that it is most closely related to the clade comprising S. alata and S. grayanoides. To determine the origin of S. takesimensis, we sampled a total of 171 accessions including S. takesimensis (9 populations and 63 individuals) and two closely related species, S. alata (11 populations and 68 individuals) and S. grayanoides (5 populations and 40 individuals) from eastern Asia and sequenced ITS and two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) non-coding regions. Previously sequenced representative species of Scrophularia (109 taxa for ITS and 80 taxa for cpDNA) were combined with our data set and analyzed. While the global scale ITS phylogenetic tree suggests monophyly for each of the three eastern Asian species, S. takesimensis appears to be more closely related (albeit weakly) to a clade containing eastern North American/Caribbean species than to either S. alata or S. grayanoides. By contrast, the global scale cpDNA phylogenetic tree demonstrates that the eastern North America/Caribbean clade is sister to a clade comprising the three eastern Asian species. In addition, the monophyletic S. takesimensis is deeply embedded within paraphyletic S. alata, sharing its most recent common ancestor with populations from Japan/Sakhalin. Two divergent, geographically structured cp haplotype groups within S. takesimensis suggest at least two independent introductions from different source areas. A new and accurate chromosome number of S. takesimensis (2n = 94) is reported and some conservation strategies are discussed.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Available online xxxxThe characteristics of four stages of demutational succession of a valley Korean pine-broadleaf forest are provided according to the parameters most vividly capturing the structure of the plant community and influencing the renewal and mycorrhization of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) seedlings. It was found that Korean pine seedlings grow in a competitive environment on the fresh burned site; hence the mycorrhization occurs from specialized symbiotes that provide competitive advantages and adaptation to stress factors. Mycorrhiza forms the least successful in the 50-60-year-old larch-birch-spiraea association during the seral stages of succession.The 90-100-year-old birch-broadleaf association offers the most suitable soil and cenotic conditions for the development of Korean pine seedlings that can successfully generate mycorrhiza from both the spores present in the thick soil layer, and through mycelia of shared mycorrhizal networks of seral and primary (including Korean pine) tree species. A 230-250-year-old climax community comprises all patterns to ensure that pine seedlings encounter a fungal component; in this community the greatest abundance of species and a balanced composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi communities of Korean pine are observed. IntroductionThe increase of the number and the area of fires, both of man-made and natural origin, on the territory of one of the richest forest regions of Russia -the Far East leads to a sharp reduction of valuable forest ecosystems, including primary pine-broadleaf forests (Astafiev et al., 2004;Sukhomlinov, 2006; Petropavlovsky and Astafiev, 2010). Natural regeneration of pine forests after the fires is a complex, lengthy and understudied process. So far data was obtained on demutational successions in pine forests after the fires, mainly concerning the changes in the composition and structure of communities, the early stages of succession, soil banks of seeds and morphogenesis of species (Kolesnikov

This study focuses at the effect of forest fire on the extent of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) colonization of Pinus koraiensis. The EcM fungal diversity was estimated di rectly from mycorrhizas using molecular techniques. The revealed EcM fun gal community was highly diverse, with 110 operational taxonomic units de tec ted. The members of Russulaceae and Thelephoraceae were among the most dominant species in both the fire and control sites. The most diverse ba si dio my cete EcM genera at the burned sites were Tomentella, Russula, Piloderma, Inocybe, Sui llus, Sebacina and Lactarius. Mycorrhizal colonization was found to be high for seed lings grown at the burned and the unburned sites. However, there was a ra ther significant shift between sites in terms of the taxonomic composition of EcM symbionts as well as the dominant fungal species. A vertical stratification of EcM fungal diversity at the control site and the sites of later succession stages was found to be more leveled. The results of the study indicate that EcM fungi ap pa rently play an important role in the processes of regeneration of natural fo rest stands after fire at the studied area. . Целью исследования было изучение эффекта воз дейст вия по жара на степень эктомикоризной (ЭМ) колонизации корней Pi nus koraiensis. Идентификация ЭМ компонента производилось не по сред ст вен но из микоризных окончаний с использованием молекулярных ме тодов. Со об щества ЭМ грибов, ассоциированные с корнями P. koraiensis, были весьма раз но об разны. Всего было обнаружено 110 операционных таксономических еди ниц (ОТE). Преобладающими по числу видов семействами во всех изу чен ных сообществах, включая контроль, оказались Russulaceae и Thelephoraceae. Наи более богатыми по видовой представленности родами были Tomentella, Rus su la, Piloderma, Inocybe, Suillus, Sebacina и Lactarius. Было установлено, что степень ми ко риз ной колонизации сеянцев в сообществах, подвергшихся пожару, и в не го рев ших участках была высокой. Выявлена разница между изученными сооб щест вами в таксономическом составе и в составе доминирующих видов ЭМ симбионтов, образующих микоризную связь с сеянцами. Было оценено вер ти каль ное распределение мицелия ЭМ грибов в горизонтах почвы. По ка за но, что это распределение выглядит более выровненным в ненарушенных лесах и на более поздних стадиях сукцессии. Результаты проведенного исследования по ка зывают, что ЭМ грибы играют важную роль в процессах регенерации при род ных древостоев после пожаров.

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