Some microbial public goods can provide both individual and community‐wide benefits, and are open to exploitation by non‐producing species. One such example is the production of metal‐detoxifying siderophores. Here, we investigate whether conflicting selection pressures on siderophore production by heavy metals – a detoxifying effect of siderophores, and exploitation of this detoxifying effect – result in a net increase or decrease. We show that the proportion of siderophore‐producing taxa increases along a natural heavy metal gradient. A causal link between metal contamination and siderophore production was subsequently demonstrated in a microcosm experiment in compost, in which we observed changes in community composition towards taxa that produce relatively more siderophores following copper contamination. We confirmed the selective benefit of siderophores by showing that taxa producing large amounts of siderophore suffered less growth inhibition in toxic copper. Our results suggest that ecological selection will favour siderophore‐mediated decontamination, with important consequences for potential remediation strategies.

In an era of unprecedented environmental change, there have been increasing ecological and global public health concerns associated with exposure to anthropogenic pollutants. While there is a pressing need to remediate polluted ecosystems, human intervention might unwittingly oppose selection for natural detoxification, which is primarily carried out by microbes. We test this possibility in the context of a ubiquitous chemical remediation strategy aimed at targeting metal pollution: the addition of lime-containing materials. Here, we show that raising pH by liming decreased the availability of toxic metals in acidic mine-degraded soils, but as a consequence selected against microbial taxa that naturally remediate soil through the production of metal-binding siderophores. Our results therefore highlight the crucial need to consider the eco-evolutionary consequences of human environmental strategies on microbial ecosystem services and other traits.

Ecological theory predicts interactions between species to become more positive under abiotic stress, while competition should prevail in more benign environments. However, experimental tests of this stress gradient hypothesis in natural microbial communities are lacking. We test this hypothesis by measuring interactions between 10 different members of a bacterial community inhabiting potting compost in the presence or absence of toxic copper stress. We found that copper stress caused significant net changes in species interaction signs, shifting the net balance towards more positive interactions. This pattern was at least in part driven by copper‐sensitive isolates – that produced relatively small amounts of metal‐detoxifying siderophores – benefitting from the presence of other species that produce extracellular detoxifying agents. As well as providing support for the stress gradient hypothesis, our results highlight the importance of community‐wide public goods in shaping microbial community composition.

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17In an era of unprecedented environmental change, there have been increasing ecological and 18 global public health concerns associated with exposure to anthropogenic pollutants. While there 19 is a pressing need to remediate polluted ecosystems, human intervention strategies might 20 unwittingly oppose selection for natural detoxification, which is primarily carried out by 21 microbes. We test this possibility in the context of a ubiquitous chemical remediation strategy 22 aimed at targeting toxic metal pollution: the addition of lime-containing materials. Here we show 23 that raising pH by liming decreased the availability of toxic metals in acidic mine-degraded soils, 24 but as a consequence selected against microbial taxa that naturally remediate soil through the 25 production of metal-scavenging siderophores. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary 26 consequences of human intervention on key traits is crucial for the engineering of evolutionary 27 resilient microbial communities, having important implications for human health and 28 biotechnology. 29 30 context of raising pH using lime-containing materials, a common intervention practice aimed at 41 reducing heavy metal toxicity (Wuana and Okieimen 2011). 42Heavy metals (metals and metalloids with a density above 5 g -1 cm 3 ) are ubiquitous 43 components of the Earth's crust (Nriagu and Pacyna 1988). As a result of soaring demands for 44 minerals (Douce 2016), large parts of the world are currently mined for valuable mineral 45 deposits, leaving a legacy of untreated mining waste (Dudka and Adriano 1997). In addition, 46 agricultural practices such as application of sewage sludge and phosphate fertilisers have led to 47