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Gal-3 is differentially expressed in PPFTs, but its expression shows no correlation with patient outcome. However, the evaluation of Gal-3 is helpful in establishing a differential diagnosis among PPFTs, especially between PAs and diffuse astrocytomas, and in some circumstances between medulloblastomas and AT/RTs.

Several studies have shown endocrine-disrupting effects of parabens. Parabens are a group of antimicrobials used as preservatives in a wide variety of products, mainly in personal care products. However, little information is available regarding the occurrence of parabens in baby products. In this study, the concentrations of five commonly used parabens, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-and, benzyl-paraben in 50 Brazilian baby wet wipes were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. All samples contained parabens, and the total concentrations ranged from 16 to 332,470 ng g -1 (geometric mean: 5344 ng g -1 ). Methyl-paraben, ethyl-paraben, propyl-paraben, and butyl-paraben were found in >65% of the samples. 24 out of 50 samples exceed the permitted value of 0.4 % for methyl-paraben for their use in personal care products. Although, propyl-paraben and butyl-paraben are forbidden in cosmetic products designed for application on the nappy area of children under three years of age, the detection rate of them were 94 and 70 %, respectively. Based on the measured concentrations and use frequency of baby wipes the estimated daily intake of parabens was calculated. The median estimated daily intake values of total concentrations of parabens for babies of one year old was 391 ng kg -1 bw day -1 . In conclusion, babies and children may be exposed to high levels of parabens through use of baby wipes. It is also worth to mention that two forbidden parabens were frequently detected.

Variations of situs solitus totalis, the normal organ disposition pattern, involve dextrocardia, situs inversus, situs inversus totalis and situs ambiguous. These laterality defects have been documented for more than 400 years, and a connection to ciliary abnormalities has been elucidated by observing cilia from the primitive node, which can promote “nodal flow”, possibly necessary for the development of left-right asymmetry. The aim of this work was to perform a literature review, showing variations in the usual anatomy and the connection between nodal flow and normal asymmetric pattern. A narrative review was carried out with articles from the MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases and with books relevant to the theme. The initial embryonic development comprises the formation of the organizing structure, a primitive node, and its cilia are responsible for the nodal flow, determinant in many vertebrates in the breaking of the embryonic bilateral symmetry. The formation of asymmetry is associated with morphogenic gradients to the left of the node, the model of two cilia and the mechanism of nodal vesicular plots, until it results in organogenesis. Ciliary abnormalities configure clinical manifestations in disorders such as Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Kartagener syndrome. The nodal flow, in fact, is important in normal anatomical standardization, and the cilia are necessary for the configuration of situs solitus totalis.