Cui, Xue-Lin, Anna M. Schlesier, Elda L. Fisher, Carla Cerqueira, and Ronaldo P. Ferraris. Fructose-induced increases in neonatal rat intestinal fructose transport involve the PI3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288: G1310 -G1320, 2005. First published February 3, 2005 doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00550.2004.-Expression of rat glucose transporter-5 (GLUT5) is tightly regulated during development. Expression and activity are low throughout the suckling and weaning stages, but perfusion of the small intestinal lumen with fructose solutions during weaning precociously enhances GLUT5 activity and expression. Little is known, however, about the signal transduction pathways involved in the substrate-induced precocious GLUT5 development. We found that wortmannin and LY-294002, inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) specifically inhibited the increase in fructose uptake rate and brushborder GLUT5 protein abundance but not GLUT5 mRNA abundance. Perfusion of EGF, an activator of PI3-kinase, also resulted in a marked wortmannin-inhibitable increase in fructose uptake. Perfusion of fructose for 4 h increased cytosolic immunostaining of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP 3), the primary product of PI3-kinase, mainly in the mid-to upper-villus regions in which the brush-border membrane also stained strongly with GLUT5. Perfusion of glucose for 4 h had little effect on fructose or glucose uptake and PIP 3 or GLUT5 staining. SH-5, an Akt inhibitor, prevented the increase in fructose uptake and GLUT5 protein induced by fructose solutions, and had no effect on glucose uptake. The PI3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway may be involved in the synthesis and/or recruitment to the brush border of GLUT5 transporters by luminal fructose in the small intestine of weaning rats. Increases in fructose transport during the critical weaning period when rats are shifting to a new diet may be modulated by several signaling pathways whose cross talk during development still needs to be elucidated. development; glucose; intestine; epidermal growth factor; mucosa BECAUSE OF DRAMATIC INCREASES in consumption of soft drinks and fruit juices, per capita consumption of fructose in the United States has increased by 10 times in 30 yr to almost 60 g fructose per day (4, 39). Paralleling this remarkable increase in fructose consumption is an alarming increase in incidence of obesity and in prevalence of type II diabetes (4,14). What makes this correlation disturbing is that per capita fructose consumption in very young children has increased faster than that of the general population and in the 1980s was already ϳ30 -40 g fructose per day representing 10% of their energy intake (39). The top 10th percentile of subjects in all age groups typically consume approximately two times more fructose, exposing this particular age group (1-6 yr of age) to potential metabolic derangements caused by excessive fructose consumption. There are very few studies on physiological adaptations to excessive fructose consumpti...

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Purpose Assess the association between the visible presence of 3rd molars and the severity of periodontal pathology on teeth more anterior in the mouth. Subjects and Methods This analysis included dentate participants 52 to 74 years old from the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (DARIC) Study who underwent an oral examination which included periodontal probing depths (PD) on all visible teeth including 3rd molars. PD ≥4mm and clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥3mm were indicator variables for periodontal pathology. Explanatory variables were the presence or absence of visible 3rd molars. Covariates included: gender, ethnicity, age, income level, education, and smoking status. Outcome variables for periodontal pathology were: mean PD, the extent (% probing sites) PD≥4mm, and the extent (% probing sites) CAL>3mm. Outcomes between subjects with visible 3rd molars and no visible 3rd molars were compared by descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests with significance set at 0.05. Multivariable modeling was performed using SAS Proc GLM to calculate least squared means adjusting for study outcome variables and covariates. Results The DARIC sample consisted of 6,793 subjects; 80% were Caucasian and 19% African American. Most subjects (53%) were 62 to 74 years old and female (54%). Thirty percent of ARIC subjects, 2,035, had at least one visible 3rd molar. Having a visible 3rd molar was significantly associated with being: male, African American, less than the mean age of 62.4 years, and higher income or never smoking (all P<0.01). Greater mean PD on 1st/2nd molars, the extent PD≥4mm on 1st/2nd molars, and the extent CAL≥3mm on 1st/2nd molars, were all significantly associated with having a visible 3rd molar in unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions In these middle-aged and older Americans, having a visible 3rd molar was significantly associated with more severe periodontal disease on teeth more anterior in the mouth as compared to subjects with no visible 3rd molars

Intraosseous hemangiomas are uncommon intrabony lesions, representing approximately 0.5 to 1% of all intraosseous tumors. Their description varies from “benign vasoformative neoplasms” to true hamartomatous proliferations of endothelial cells forming a vascular network with intermixed fibrous connective tissue stroma. These commonly present as a firm, painless swelling. Intraosseous hemangiomas present more commonly in females than in males and most likely occur in the fourth decade of life. The most common etiology of intraosseous hemangioma is believed to be prior trauma to the area. They have a tendency to bleed briskly upon removal or biopsy, making preoperative detection of the vascular nature of the lesion of significant importance. There are four variants: (1) capillary type, (2) cavernous type, (3) mixed variant, and (4) scirrhous type. Generally most common in the vertebral skeleton, they can also present in the calvarium and facial bones. In the head, the most common site is the parietal bone, followed by the mandible, and then malar and zygomatic regions. Intraosseous hemangiomas of the zygoma are rare entities with the first case reported in 1950 by Schoenfield. In this article, we review 49 case reports of intraosseous hemangioma of the zygoma, and also present a new case treated with excision followed by polyether-ether ketone implant placement for primary reconstruction.