The aim of the current study was two-fold: i) to investigate whether four skill-based foreign language anxiety scales used in the literature can be confirmed as a single construct, and ii) to explore to what extent this potential single construct can explain foreign language classroom anxiety. The participants included 385 Turkish EFL learners in a university context and data collection instruments were four skill-based anxiety scales and the foreign language classroom anxiety scale (FLCAS). The results of the correlated traits and second order analysis revealed that four skill-based anxieties were confirmed as a single scale, referred to here as the skill-based foreign language learning anxiety scale (SB-FLLAS), measuring a latent variable, foreign language learning anxiety (FLLA). In addition, the SB-FLLAS explained these four anxieties with a high predictive degree on the FLCAS at 88%, demonstrated through structural equation modelling. The current study presents this new practical scale, which could be used in the measurement of skill-based anxieties, and suggests several practical and research implications for foreign language anxiety.
Employing a survey design, this study aims to examine learners' metacognitive listening strategies, their listening anxiety and whether there is a relationship between these two research matters in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. The participants included 112 freshman students at a university context and they were taking a listening and comprehension course during the study. Two scales were used to collect the data for this study; Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Scale (FLLAS) was used to measure the participants' listening anxiety and Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ) was used to identify their strategy use. The collected data were analysed by using a statistical program and with the help of descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that the participants experienced a moderate level of foreign language listening anxiety. In terms of their metacognitive listening strategy use, problem solving strategies were found to be used the most while mental translation strategies were used the least. It was also found that there was a low positive relationship between the participants' listening anxiety and their listening strategy use. Furthermore, no significant change was found among low, moderate and high anxious learners in terms of the types of their metacognitive listening strategy use. Parallel with those findings, the study offers several suggestions for practitioners to apply in language classrooms and for researchers to further investigate the nature of these two phenomena.
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