Coach and parent concussion education programs are essential for the prevention, diagnosis, management, and return to play of youth athletes. This systematic review examined the content and efficacy (changes in knowledge, impact on concussion incidence) of concussion education programs for coaches and parents of youth and high school athletes. Six databases were searched: SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premiere, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Studies evaluated the use and/or efficacy of concussion education programs among coaches or parents of youth athletes. A total of 13 articles (out of 1553 articles) met selection criteria. Although different concussion education programs exist, only three have been evaluated in the literature: ACTive Athletic Concussion Training™, USA Football’s Heads Up Football, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s HEADS UP. These programs are well liked among coaches and parents and the suggested practices are easily implemented by coaches. These programs increased concussion knowledge among coaches and parents and promoted behavioral changes among coaches to reduce the concussion risk in high school sports. Few studies have assessed the efficacy of concussion education programs on youth athlete health outcomes. No studies included a longitudinal follow up to determine the degree of knowledge retention following the intervention. While online educational programs are sufficient to improve coach knowledge, in-person training may be a more effective educational tool for reducing the incidence of youth sport concussion. Future studies addressing the efficacy of concussion education programs should include a longitudinal follow up to assess knowledge retention and fidelity.
Context Deficits in perceptual-motor function, like visuomotor reaction time (VMRT), are risk factors for primary and secondary ACL injury. Non-contact ACL injuries have been associated with slower reaction time, but it is unknown if this association exists for patients with contact ACL injuries. Exploring differences in VMRT between non-contact and contact ACL injuries may provide a more comprehensive understanding of modifiable risk factors between mechanisms of injury. Objective To compare lower extremity VMRT (LEVMRT) between individuals with contact and non-contact ACL injuries after ACLR. Design Cross-Sectional Study Setting Research Laboratory Patients of Other Participants Thirty-six participants with primary, unilateral ACLR completed a LEVMRT assessment. Twenty participants sustained a contact ACL injury (56%), and 16 participants (44%) sustained a non-contact ACL injury. Main Outcome Measures LEVMRT was completed bilaterally and collected using a series of wireless light discs deactivated by the individual with their feet. ACLR-Active LEVMRT (i.e., ACLR limb is deactivating lights) and ACLR-Stable LEVMRT were compared using separate ANCOVA to assess the association between contact and non-contact groups with time since surgery (TSS) as a covariate. Results After controlling for TSS, there was a statistically significant difference and large effect size between groups for ACLR-Stable LEVMRT (p = 0.010; η2 = 0.250), but not for ACLR-Active (p = 0.340; η2 = 0.065). The contact group exhibited slower ACLR-Stable LEVMRT (521.7 ± 59.3) compared to the non-contact group (483.4 ± 83.9). Conclusion Individuals with contact ACL injury demonstrated slower LEVMRT while their ACLR limb was stabilizing. The observed group differences during the ACLR-Stable LEVMRT task might indicate deficits in perceptual-motor function when the surgical limb maintains postural control during an RT task. Individuals after ACLR with contact injuries may need additional motor learning interventions to enhance perceptual-motor functioning after ACLR.
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