The development of research in the area of advanced materials and tissue engineering has increased greatly in recent years found that bioceramics are outstanding in the replacement and regeneration of bone tissue, mainly formed by the calcium phosphate ceramics. The objective of this research is to obtain the calcium phosphate where Ca/P = 1.67 and 2.0, to observe the formation of phases after having subjected these materials to heat treatment. The calcium phosphate was produced by the wet method using a direct reaction of neutralization and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis (EDS). The XRD results confirm the presence of hydroxyapatite phase in the sample with Ca/P = 1.67, where as the phosphates prepared with Ca/P = 2.0 ratio show a combination of hydroxyapatite and phase β- tricalcium phosphate. The micrographs obtained are characteristic of ceramic material called calcium phosphate. EDS confirmed the presence of Ca, P and O in the material.
In bioscience, there are several apatites constituteds by differents compositions. In the biological environment, apatites are found in bones and teeth of vertebrates with Ca/P ration from 2.0 to 0.5. It is not easy to determine the exact proportion of Ca2 + and PO43- in solution in the preparation of the process. In this study, apatites with Ca/P ration 1.0, 1.67 and 2.0 were prepared by direct reaction in an solution of H3PO4 in a suspension of Ca(OH)2, of same molarity, evalueting the crystallinity of CPP, Hap e TeCP with 1 mol/l, 3 mol/l and 5 mol/l. The samples characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) were compared with the standard of reference of the data base JCPDS. The composition of calcium phosphate for the differents molarity studied, resulted in a combination of phases with the exception of hydroxyapatite Ca/P ration 1.67 at concentrations 1 mol/l and 3 mol/l. But the diffractograms revealed that the increased molarity provided a decrease of some peaks of reflection of calcium phosphates with Ca/P ration 1.67. However, for the Ca/P ration 1.0 increasing the concentration, showed an increase of crystallinity of calcium phosphates. The FTIR confirmed the presence of phosphates in the spectrums around 1045 cm-1. The calcium phosphates obtained through direct reaction showed Ca/P ration is related with the technique employed, consolidating it in the preparation of these bioceramics.
The search for new sources of renewable energy order to minimize environmental impacts has led the scientists to develop new alternatives, such as the use of recycling of frying oils to produce biodiesel. The utilization of fuels of agricultural origin in the cycle diesel engines is a good alternative to reduce dependence on importation petroleum, since these fuels are a renewable source of energy. The utilization of biodiesel as biofuel is a contribution to the environment, reducing the qualitative and quantitative form levels of environmental pollution. However, these oils should go through a process of decontamination and decoloration up the stage of chemical conversion which is used clay to lighten the oil. This study aimed to characterize clay of Paraíba to be used in the clearing of frying oil. It was observed through the technique of kinematic viscosity the clays show good results in treatment used vegetable oils.
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