Heat stress is an important cause of poor development and low survival rates in bovine embryos. Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that Bos indicus embryos are more resistant to heat stress than are Bos taurus embryos. In experiment 1, Nelore and Jersey embryos from oocyte pick-up-derived oocytes were submitted to heat stress (96 hours post-insemination, 41 °C, 6 hours), developmental ratios were assessed at Day 7 (Day 0 = day of fertilization), and blastocysts were frozen for RNA extraction. Experiment 2 evaluated expression of COX2, CDX2, HSF1, and PLAC8 in previously frozen blastocysts. In experiment 3, Nellore and Angus embryos from oocyte pick-up-derived oocytes were submitted to heat stress (96 hours post-insemination, 41 °C, 12 hours) and transferred to recipients on Day 7. In experiment 4, embryos developed as in experiment 3 were fixed for Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling labeling and total cell counting. In experiment 1, heat stress decreased the percentage of Jersey oocytes that became blastocysts, but had no effect on Nellore embryos (34.6%, 25.0%, 39.5%, and 33.0% for Jersey control, Jersey heat-stressed, Nellore control, and Nellore heat-stressed oocytes, respectively; P < 0.05). In experiment 2, heat stress decreased (P < 0.05) expression of CDX2 and PLAC8, with higher expression of these genes in Nellore embryos than in Jersey embryos. Heat stress also decreased (P < 0.05) expression of COX2 in Jersey embryos, but had no effect on Nellore embryos. Expression of HSF1 was decreased (P < 0.05) by heat stress in both breeds, with a greater effect in Nellore embryos. In experiment 3, heat stress tended (P = 0.1) to decrease the percentage of pregnancies among cows (Day 30 to 35) that received Angus embryos. In experiment 4, heat stress increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of apoptotic blastomeres, but had no breed-specific effects. In addition, Nellore embryos had fewer (P < 0.05) Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling- positive blastomeres than did Angus embryos. We concluded that the detrimental effects of heat stress were dependent upon embryo breed and were more evident in Bos taurus embryos than in Bos indicus embryos.
The objectives of this study were to determine the interval from ovulation to deviation and the diameter of the dominant (DF) and largest subordinate (SF) follicles at deviation in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) heifers. Two methods of evaluation (observed vs. calculated) were used. FSH and LH profiles encompassing follicle deviation (Experiment 1), and the follicular diameter when the DF acquired ovulatory capacity (Experiment 2) were also determined. The time of deviation and the diameter of the DF and the largest SF at deviation did not differ between observed and calculated methods. Overall, follicle deviation occurred 2.6 ± 0.2d (mean ± SEM) after ovulation, and the diameters of the DF and SF at deviation were 7.2 ± 0.2 and 6.4 ± 0.2mm, respectively. No changes in plasma levels of FSH or LH were observed (P=0.32 and P=0.96, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted in two phases according to the diameter of the DF during the first wave of follicular development at the time of LH challenge (25mg of pLH). In the first phase, follicles ranging from 5.0 to 6.0mm (n=7), 6.1 to 7.0mm (n=11), or 7.1 to 8.0mm (n=9) were used, and in the second phase, follicles ranging from 7.0 to 8.4mm (n=10), 8.5 to 10.0mm (n=10), or 10.1 to 12.0mm (n=9) of diameter were used. After the pLH treatment, the DF was monitored by ultrasonography every 12h for 48h. No ovulations occurred in heifers in the first phase. However, in the second phase, an effect of follicular diameter was observed on ovulation rate [7.0-8.4mm (0.0%, 0/10), 8.5-10.0mm (50.0%, 5/10), and 10.0-12.0mm (55.6%, 5/9)]. In summary, follicle deviation occurred 2.6d after ovulation in buffalo (B. bubalis) heifers, when the diameters of the DF and SF were 7.2 and 6.4mm, respectively. No significant changes in plasma concentrations of FSH or LH were detected. Finally, the acquisition of ovulatory capacity occurred when the DF reached 8.5mm in diameter.
STRATEGIES OF CONSTRUCTION AND LEGITIMIZATION OF AN ETHOS IN THE CAUSA VERITATIS: MICHAEL SERVETUS AND RELIGIOUS POLEMICS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY The objective of this doctoral dissertation is to identify and comment on the strategies of construction and legitimization of an ethos of an advocate in the causa ueritatis in the religious polemics of the sixteenth century. It is a way of defending a position within a context in which there is only one God and only one Truth, and, therefore, only one true interpretation. The Christian author involved in such polemic needs to prove that he is the "emissary," the nuntius who proclaims the message with simplicity, whereas his opponents are the "false masters" who, in order to dissimulate their lies, hide them under artistically woven words. Thus, not only is the construction of the positive ethos linked to the deconstruction (or destruction) of the other's ethos; but both, construction and deconstruction, happen according to the concept of humilitas, which is, at the same time, constitutive of morals (ethics) and of discursive expression (esthetics).
O propósito deste trabalho é comentar a importância e a permanência dos autores da Antiguidade clássica na obra de um autor cristão consciente dos problemas dessa convivência, o humanista Erasmo de Rotterdam. Este, sem jamais ter abandonado a defesa dos estudos bíblicos, defendeu, por outro lado, a aquisição de um conhecimento profundo dos autores clássicos. No contexto da literatura cristã, em que palavras idealmente rudes devem ser capazes de expressar verdades sublimes, essa questão forma o pano de fundo para discussões sobre o papel da eloquência numa época em que as polêmicas religiosas lançam novas suspeitas sobre a ars, ao mesmo tempo em que a obriga a novas práticas. Esse tema perpassou toda a obra de Erasmo e foi o centro de várias das polêmicas em que se envolveu, tanto contra os barbari, que são aqueles que abrem mão da leitura das obras da antiguidade clássica, quanto contra os ciceroniani, que são aqueles que desprezam os temas cristãos para dedicar-se à literatura pagã.
A proposta deste artigo é apresentar e comentar alguns elementos próprios dos gêneros narrativos (épico e historiográfico) presentes no martirológio anabatista O espelho dos mártires, de Thieleman J. van Braght, no qual as perseguições religiosas são interpretadas e, por conseguinte, narradas a partir de uma perspectiva marcantemente épica, numa tentativa não apenas de cantar os feitos dos heróis/mártires, mas também (e principalmente) de atribuir uma origem e um significado divinos aos eventos históricos daquele dado momento concreto em que ocorreram, o século XVI. A própria existência de um grupo de autodenominados mártires reflete uma mentalidade e uma cultura, bases de uma completa interpretação historiográfica cristã, em que o Advento futuro (intervenção divina na História) está sendo decidido na guerra entre aqueles que buscam restituir o Cristianismo para preparar essa vinda e aqueles que visam impedi-la por meio da eliminação dos cristãos “verdadeiros”, os mártires.
Resumo. O objetivo deste trabalho é, primeiramente, entender a lógica que preside aos mecanismos da polêmica que atuam nos discursos apologéticos cristãos, e, em seguida, tendo-a compreendido, apontar as estratégias retóricas com que o polemista constrói e valida um ethos de cristão verdadeiro e de "advogado da Verdade" para si, ao mesmo tempo em que fabrica a imagem do "inimigo", o herege, o "falso mestre" para seu adversário. Para isso, comentaremos as técnicas de apropriação de auctoritas praticadas pelo autor ao tratar de si mesmo, e, ao mesmo tempo, os aspectos satíricos da constituição de caricaturas do "outro", quando se visa não apenas à derrisão, mas à exclusão de um adversário. E nós o faremos por meio de um livro "herético", em que o autor, perseguido ele mesmo, reproduz, no entanto, o mesmo processo empregado por aqueles que buscavam instituir uma religião por assim dizer oficial, ou falavam autorizados por ela. Nosso corpus é o livro "herético" Christianismi Restitutio, 1 de autoria de Miguel Serveto, publicado em 1553.Palavras-chave. Retórica; ethos; século XVI; polêmicas; Miguel Serveto. d.o.i.
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