Pecan nutshell is a residue from food industry that has potential to be used as biopreservative in foods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of pecan nutshell aqueous extract in vitro and its effectiveness to inhibit spoilage microorganisms on lettuce leaves. The results indicate that the aqueous extract presents inhibitory activity against important foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial activity was not observed against Corynebacterium fimi, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, and the phytopathogenic fungi tested. When applied onto lettuce leaves, pecan nutshell extract reduced the counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria in 2 and 4 log CFU/g, respectively, during storage of leafy for 5 days at refrigeration temperature (5 °C). The extract was not effective to inhibit yeast on lettuce leaves. Thus, the aqueous extract of pecan shell showed great potential to be used as a natural preservative in foods, acting mainly in the inhibition of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.
Plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANCs) são espécies nativas ou cultivadas cujas flores, folhas, caule, pólen ou raízes são comestíveis, mas não convencionalmente utilizadas na alimentação humana, possuem grande importância ecológica e econômica, muitas vezes consideradas invasoras, ou inços, pois ocorrem em monoculturas comerciais, gerando competição e perdas agrícolas. São adaptadas a condições de solo e clima local, características importantes para o melhoramento genético. Além disto, muitas das espécies de panc’s, especialmente as nativas, apresentam distribuição limitada e restrita a determinadas localidades ou regiões, influenciando fortemente na cultura alimentar das comunidades. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento da diversidade de espécies de panc´s nativas e cultivadas ocorrentes no Vale do Taquari, identifica-las e discutir o potencial alimentar de algumas das espécies nativas. Foram realizadas viagens de coletas de março de 2013 a dezembro de 2015, nas margens de rodovias estaduais na região, na beiras de estradas secundárias, formações florestais e matas ciliares. As espécies foram coletadas e organizadas em exsicatas, a identificação botânica foi realizada em literatura especializada e inseridas no Herbário Uenc, além de revisão bibliográfica sobre potencial alimentar. Foram identificadas 39 espécies de panc´s, sendo as mais observadas as mais observadas a campo o mamãozinho-do-mato, crem, capuchinha, bertalha-coração, serralha, inhame, cará, ananás. A revisão bibliográfica mostrou que ocorrem na região cerca de 104 espécies nativas e cultivadas com potencial alimentício, havendo necessidade de continuidade das coletas na região. Conclui-se que há ampla diversidade de panc´s, sendo fundamental aprofundar o conhecimento do seu uso potencial como alimento.
-(Chromosome numbers and systematic implications in species of subfamily Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) from the Southern region of Brazil). The subfamily Ceasalpinioideae (Leguminosae) comprises around 2,800 species, many of which occurring in Brazil. For the Southern region of Brazil, 56 species economically, socially and scientifically important, are cited, distributed along different environments, but detailed taxonomic and cytogenetic studies are still missing. This paper reports chromosome number analysis in 74 accessions of 27 taxa belonging to ten genera of tribes Cassieae, Caesalpinieae, and Cercideae. The determined chromosome numbers were 2n = 32, 28, 26, 24, 22, 16 and 14. For seven species the chromosome numbers were determined for the first time: Cassia leptophylla, Senna araucarietorum, S. hilariana, S. neglecta, S. oblongifolia, Chamaecrista repens and Pomaria stipularis. Most species had 2n = 28 chromosomes, 2n = 26, 24, and 22 being also found. The genus Chamaecrista differs from the others studied as all its taxa presented 2n = 32, 16, and 14, the first one derived by polyploidy. The basic number of x = 14 was proposed for the species of nine of the studied genera, while x = 13, 12 and 11 would have probably been originated by disploidy. For the genus Chamaecrista, x = 8 is suggested for most species and x = 7 for the species of section Xerocalyx. Polyploidy seems to have played an important role in the initial diversification of the group, accompanied by several disploid reductions during the evolutionary process. The number of chromosomes distinguishes Chamaecrista from the other genera. This, together with other analyzed characteristics, as well as literature data, supports the separation of this genus from the other Cassieae genera.
RESUMODeterminação do número de cromossomos e análise do comportamento meiótico são excelentes contribuições aos estudos de relações taxonômicas e padrões evolutivos dentro de grupos de espécies vegetais. Espécies de leguminosas arbóreas da subfamília Caesalpinioideae, ocorrentes na Região Sul do Brasil, têm sido pouco analisadas do ponto de vista citotaxonômico. Este trabalho teve por objetivos determinar o número de cromossomos e analisar o comportamento meiótico de onze espécies arbóreas dessa subfamília. O número de cromossomos na maioria das espécies analisadas foi 2n = 28 cromossomos (x = 14). Foi encontrado 2n = 24 (x = 12) em Senna multijuga (L.C. Rich.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby e Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, e 2n = 26 (x = 13) em Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.)Taub. Os núcleos apresentaram padrão arreticulado em todas as espécies e o comportamento meiótico foi regular em seis espécies estudadas. Sugere-se ampliação das coletas e análises citogenéticas em mais indivíduos e espécies de forma a gerar informações adicionais que permitam conclusões mais abrangentes sobre este grupo tão importante. Palavras-chave:Leguminosae; cromossomos; meiose. ABSTRACTChromosome counts and meiotic behaviour analysis are excellent contributions for studies on taxonomic relationships and evolutionary patterns in plants. The tree legume species of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae have been poorly analysed cytogenetically. This work aimed at determining the number of chromosomes and analysing the meiotic behaviour in 11 species of Caesalpinioideae. Basic chromosome numbers in most of the analysed species were 2n = 28 (x = 14). Senna multijuga (L. C. Rich.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake presented 2n = 24 (x = 12) and Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. 2n = 26 (x = 13). In all the species nuclei presented an areticulate pattern and a regular meiosis in the six species studied. Further collections and cytogenetic analyses with a major number of individuals and species are suggested, in order to provide additional data for a more comprehensive study on this group of plants.
Chromosome numbers, karyotypes, meiotic behaviour and pollen analysis are presented for species of Chamaecrista Moench (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cassieae ) native to southern Brazil: C. nictitans ssp. patellaria , C. nictitans ssp. disadena , C. repens , C. rotundifolia , C. flexuosa , C. vestita and C. desvauxii . Meiotic behaviour is reported for the first time for all the taxa and was very regular; only bivalents were formed at diakinesis and metaphase I, chromosome disjunction and segregation were regular at anaphases I and II, meiotic indexes were over 99% and pollen fertility was over 92%. Pollen grains were subprolate in C. flexuosa and C. vestita and prolatespheroidal in the other taxa. Karyotypes were symmetrical in all six species and the data are original, except for C. nictitans ssp. p atellaria. Chromosome number is presented for the first time for C. repens (2 n = 16) and has been confirmed for the other taxa: 2 n = 14 for C. desvauxii , 2 n = 32 for the tetraploid C. nictitans ssp. patellaria and C. nictitans ssp. disadena , and 2 n = 16 for the other species. These two basic numbers found in the genus, x = 7 and x = 8, point to chromosome evolution by dysploidy, which has also been accompanied by polyploidy.
Mitotic metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei of nine populations of three South American species of Lathyrus (L. pubescens, L. nervosus and L. crassipes) and six populations of the cultivated species L. odoratus were analyzed. All populations had 2n = 2x = 14 chromosomes. There were significant differences among populations within each species and among species in the number of metacentric, submetacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes, the number and location of secondary constrictions, chromosome length (longest and shortest), total haploid complement, arm ratio, and centromeric index. L. odoratus showed the highest tendency towards karyotype symmetry whereas the three South American species showed a moderate tendency towards asymmetry, with L. pubescens being the most asymmetrical. Silver staining was used to identify the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and the number of nucleoli per interphase nucleus in each species. In L. pubescens and L. nervosus, the NORs were located on the secondary constriction of the long arm of pair 7, in L. crassipes, the NOR was proximal being located in the pair of metacentric chromosomes, and in L. odoratus there were four terminal NORs on the short arms of pairs 4 and 5. The four species had a maximum of four nucleoli per interphase nucleus, indicating the presence of four regions with active ribosomal genes in each case.
Cromossomos em metáfases mitóticas e núcleos interfásicos em 9 populações de 3 espécies sul-americanas de Lathyrus (L. pubescens, L.nervosus e L.crassipes) e 6 populações da espécie cultivada L. odoratus foram analisados. Todas as populações apresentaram 2n = 2x = 14 cromossomos. As diferenças significativas observadas entre as populações dentro de cada espécie e entre as espécies foram: número de cromossomos metacêntricos, submetacêntricos e subtelocêntricos; número e localização das constrições secundárias; comprimento dos cromossomos (maior e menor); complemento total haplóide; razão braço longo/braço curto e índice centromérico. L. odoratus é a espécie com maior tendência simétrica em seu cariótipo, enquanto que nas três espécies sul-americanas os cariótipos têm tendência moderada para assimetria, sendo L. pubescens o mais assimétrico. Com nitrato de prata foi possível identificar as NORs e o número máximo de nucléolos por núcleo interfásico em cada espécie. Em L. pubescens e L. nervosus as NORs estão localizadas na constrição secundária do braço longo do par 7, em L. crassipes a NOR é proximal, localizada no par de cromossomos metacêntricos, e em L. odoratus foram observadas quatro NORs terminais nos braços curtos dos pares 4 e 5. As quatro espécies possuem número máximo de quatro nucléolos em cada núcleo interfásico, indicando quatro regiões com genes ribossomais ativos em cada espécie
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