The present study was conducted to evaluate the environmental hazards of insecticides used as seed dressing by Gausho and leaf spraying by Tiliton on abundance and diversity of mites inhabiting soil in which they are useful in nutrient cycling in soil. Soil samples were collected monthly from cotton field during the vegetation period (April-September). Gausho caused a complete mortal effect on soil mite individuals over one month after the insecticide application. The mortal effect is suggested due to the fast leaching of insecticide into the soil by dipping technique method. Soil mites' population was maximum in June. Foliar spraying of Tiliton reduced the population density of soil mites compared with the control till the end of vegetative period. A reduction of 57.65% of soil mites was caused due to insecticides usage. Mortality may relate to the incidence dropping off some pesticides droplets into the soil during spraying method. Gausho reduced the species diversity (H'≤ 3) of oribatid mites 60 days after seed soaking, while exhibited a very low diversity (H'≤ 1) for prostigmatid, mesostigmatid, and astigmatid mites. Thus, the insecticide application in conventional fields had a significant effect on non-target beneficial arthropods and therefore reduced biological aspects in soil ecosystem that considered an indicator of soil quality and ensures its sustainability.
Two field experiments were conducted at El-Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt during the two seasons 2018 and 2019. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of soaking seed and foliar spraying of humic acid, fulvic acid, Imidacloprid (Gaucho) and combinations of them on the cotton pests, growth, yield, and yield components of Giza 86 cotton varieties. The results showed that Gaucho and Gaucho+ Humic+ Fulvic gave the high reduction percentage of Thrips tabaci and Tetranychus urticae when the cotton seed soaking with these compounds compared with control. On the other hand, the high reduction percentage of Empoasca lybica was recorded when the cotton plant treated with a foliar spray by Carbosulfan+ Fulvic acid and Carbosulfan+ Humic + Fulvic acid were 82.0 and 87.76 %, respectively during the two seasons. In addition, the reduction percentage of Tetranychus urticae was 84.15, 83.44 and 81.38% for Chlorfenapyr+ Fulvic acid; Chlorfenapyr+ Humic + Fulvic acid and Chlorfenapyr, respectively. The effect of Chlorfenapyr on the total number of true spiders on cotton was studied. Also, results indicated that Gaucho treatments increased the Plant height at harvest, Number of fruiting branches/plant, number of open bolls/plant and Seed cotton yield compared to control as well as a traditional pest control method. Thus, seed treatment of cotton crops with Imidacloprid can be an ideal strategy for IPM in the cotton field in Egypt.
Functionalization of chitosan (Cs) and modified polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives was achieved for biological applications. Reaction of 5-phenyl-1,3,4oxadiazole-2-thiol (1) with both Cs and functionalized PMMA with 1,2-ethylenenediamine afforded the grafted polymers 2 and 3, respectively. Additionally, reaction of compound 1 with ethylchloroformate furnished O-ethyl S-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) carbonothioate (4). Similarly, grafting of compound 4 with both Cs and functionalized PMMA yielded polymers 5 and 6, respectively. Some of the grafted polymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The thermal properties of these polymers were investigated using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) which displayed the first degradation of water and 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives followed by the degradation of the main Cs and PMMA chains. X-ray diffraction (XRD) explained the crystal structure of the functionalized polymers with the appearance of Cs and PMMA peaks and the new peaks that referred to oxadiazole moieties. The biological activity of these polymers was investigated as antifungal agents where compound 1 showed the highest antifungal activity.
Survey was carried out at Elgemmeza Agricultural Research Station in a colton tield for Piacing s ucking pes ts and associated predators along two successive seasons (2013 & 2014) during May-August months by using examination of leaves and plants haking methods, during vegetative and flowering stages. The toxic eilect o fthrec pe s ticides on piercing sucking pests (whitetly and jassids) and its side effect on true spid ers were also studied . Moreover. the to: --. ie e l'lect of three pesticides on cotton leafworm, Spodoptera lillura/is and its sid e effect on true spiders. Result s s howed that, the highest numbers of spiders in cotton fields were recorded in August , in addition , the highest familie s occunenc e were Linyphiidae and Philodromidae representing 39.02 and 21.8 %, res pectively . /\ s for the average numbers of collected predators, there were significant ditlerenccs in the total numbers of true s piders & aphid lion and other prcdato1s (Ladybirds , Rove beetle, Flower bugs). As to r pesticides, /\pplud gave the highest average numbers of reduction percentages of white tly stages infested cotton plants followed by Acctamprid and KZ oils. The decrease percentages of true spiders as side etfcct s of applied pesticides were 29.35 and 21.05 %tor Lufenuron and Difluhen zuron and 43.77 % tor Protenofos in cotton fields. It could be concluded that true spiders played an impo1tant role in s uppress ing pest populations and in delaying pest outbreaks in the cotton growing seas on.
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