An investigation of Congo Red photodegradation using
The synthesis and characterization of iron oxide-montmorillonite and its structural stability test with various concentration of sulfuric acid were conducted. Synthesis was performed by treating Na-montmorillonite clay with oligocations of iron, followed by calcinating the intercalation compound of oligocations-montmorillonite at 200oC for 24 hours. Calcined product was then characterized to determine the iron content, basal spacing and its porosities distribution. To test structural stability againts strong acid (i.e. sulfuric acid), the composites were dispersed into solution of sulfuric acid with various concentration, i.e: 1, 2 and 3M for 24 hours. The characterization result, especially from x-ray-diffractometry analysis, demonstrated that modification of montmorillonite using iron (III)oxide produced so called house of card structure as indicated by its broad, low intensity reflection at 2θ = 5-6o. The addition of sulphuric acid into composite resulted in probably the formation of face to face arrangements indicated by the appearance of 001 plane reflection. The acid treatment also caused the decrease in the iron content of the iron oxide-montmorillonite as shown by its neutron activated analysis result. The iron content of iron oxide-montmorillonite before the acid treatment was 32,01% w/w, and after the acid treatment was 14.08% w/w (with sulfuric acid of 1M), 6.05% w/w (sulfuric acid of 2M) and 5,98% w/w (with sulfuric acid of 3M), respectively. In general, the sulphuric acid treatment to the composite did not distore the 001 planes of the montmorillonite. Keywords: pillarization, montmorillonite, structure stability
Abstract. This research was conducted to identify and scrutinize women empowerment of fish product processing group in the District of Sanga-Sanga on 2017. The method used was survey method, which is direct observation and interview to respondent. Data were collected in the form of primary and secondary data. Collected data then processed, tabulated, and displayed in the table and graph. The measurement of women empowerment degree was measured by Likert Scale on 3 level, that are score 1 = low, score 2 = less, and score 3 = high. The result of research demonstrated that the rate of empowerment women group of fish product processor was high (score 42,75). Partially, awareness level or willingness to change of processing enterprise group which indicate empowerment indicator categorized as high (91,67%). The level of capability to increase the chance of acquiring access was high (66,67%), the level of capability to overcome an obstacle tend to categorized as less (50%) and the level of capability to collaborate was high (66,67%). It means that the level of coastal women empowerment could be reliable to do a reformation.
Aims: This study is aimed to determine the distribution of detergent contamination in the Code River and the ability to remove it from laundry wastewater samples by using photocatalytic degradation and coagulation methods. Place and Duration of Study:The study was located at the Code River close to Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, and the research was conducted for 6 months (June-November 2013). Methodology: The water samples used in this study consist of waste water (produced from laundry activities) and river water (before and after the outlet of laundry waste disposal). Analysis of anionic surfactant and phosphate were carried out by UV/visible spectrophotometric methods using methylene blue and ammonium molybdate, respectively as complexing agents. The surfactant removal was studied using photocatalytic degradation and that of phosphate by coagulation methods. The photocataltyic reaction was carried out in batch technique by irradiating the artificial waste in the presence of TiO 2
Chryseobacterium indologenes and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated from activated sludge of textile wastewater treatment plant. These bacteria had the ability to decolorize several azo-dyes. Degradation of azo dyes was initiated by decolorization (reduction of azo bond) which occurred in anaerobic condition. In this study, we focussed on biodegradation of Orange II by pure culture of C. indologenes ID6016 and E. faecalis ID6017, and to determine the metabolite products of Orange II degradation. The degradation of Orange II by both bacteria was carried out in batch experiments using liquid medium containing 80 mg/l Orange II, under sequential static agitated incubation. During the bacterial growth under static incubation (6 h), 66.1 mg/l Orange II were decolorized by 35.54 mg/l biomass of E. faecalis ID6017, but no decolorization found with C. indologenes ID6016. Based on HPLC results, the decolorized Orange II products were identified as sulfanilic acid and amino-naphthol. These metabolites were probably used or degraded by C. indologenes ID6016 under agitated incubation.
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