Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are emerging in various application like military, area monitoring, health monitoring, industry monitoring and many more. The challenges of the successful WSN application are the energy consumption problem. since the small, portable batteries integrated into the sensor chips cannot be re-charged easily from an economical point of view. This work focusses on prolonging the network lifetime of WSNs by reducing and balancing energy consumption during routing process from hop number point of view. In this paper, performance simulation was done between two types of protocols LEACH that uses single hop path and MODLEACH that uses multi hop path by using Intel Care i3 CPU (2.13GHz) laptop with MATLAB (R2014a). The simulation results showed how the multi-hop protocol was more energy efficient than single hop protocol.
Network-wide conveying is vital in remote associations, and the great part of these broadcasts are built on single-channel single-radio (SC-SR) network frameworks. The problem of the current work is divided into two parts. The first part shows that increasing broadcast and redundancy lead to an increase in time consumption. The second problem is solving complexity problems when tasks are scheduled in a heterogeneous manner in a computing system, where the processors in the network may not be identical and take different time periods to carry out the same task. The goals of this work are to reduce the total cost of network-wide broadcasting to minimize the search space and to solve the complexity problem when tasks are scheduled in a heterogeneous way in the computing system. The MOCAB algorithm is used to select the best transmission path over the network in the first stage. Then, the tasks will be scheduled using the heterogeneous earliest finish time (HEFT) algorithm to extract the values of actual finish time (AFT), earliest start time (EST), and earliest finish time (EFT). The performance of the MOCAB algorithm was evaluated with that of the HEFT algorithm in terms of the delivery ratio of packets delivered. The results showed that the MOCAB algorithm outperformed the HEFT.
Free space path loss is a function of frequency and propagation distance and the RF signal propagates at light speed in all directions in free space. The performance evaluation of wireless and radar communication technologies is related to understanding the propagation environments. This work presents the modeling of several RF propagation properties that include atmospheric attenuation due to rain, free space path loss, gas, and fog, as well as multipath propagations caused by ground bounces. The methodology discusses the developed model according to the series of (ITU) International Telecommunication Union references to radio wave propagation. This work discusses the Free Space Path Losses (FSPL), and Propagation Losses (PL) due to the atmosphere, precipitation, snow, rain, clouds, fog, atmospheric lensing and absorption, and polarization mismatch. The work also discusses the vertical coverage diagram and radar propagation factor. The obtained results demonstrate that the PL increases with frequency and range, at a 90-degree roll angle, the attenuation approaches infinity, and as the altitude rises, the amount of attenuation caused by lensing decreases. The analysis of attenuation at 1 km vs. frequency variations, at roughly 60 GHz, indicated a high absorption owing to air gas. Lensing attenuations are also offered as secondary outputs for convenience, the wideband channels present higher performance crossways and a wide range of target height as expected. When the target height increases, the influence of multi-path fading approximately vanishes entirely due to the variation increasing in the spreading delay between the bounce and direct pathway signals. This will reduce the coherence sum between these two samples on receiving by the target
As a result of the increase in wireless applications, this led to a spectrum problem, which was often a significant restriction. However, a wide bandwidth (more than two-thirds of the available) remains wasted due to inappropriate usage. As a consequence, the quality of the service of the system was impacted. This problem was resolved by using cognitive radio that provides opportunistic sharing or utilization of the spectrum. This paper analyzes the performance of the cognitive radio spectrum sensing algorithm for the energy detector, which implemented by using a MATLAB Mfile version (2018b). The signal to noise ratio SNR vs. Pd probability of detection for OFDM and SNR vs. BER with CP cyclic prefix with energy detector is calculated and analyzed. In this paper, the proposed work produces more accurate results compared to the existing techniques at low SNR values.
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